Information Security Policy Essay Example for Free

Information Security Policy Essay1. Executive SummaryDue in Week Nine Write 3 to 4 paragraphs giving a bottom-line summary of the specific measureable goals and objectives of the security measure plan, which can be implement to define optimal security architecture for the selected occupancy scenario.The goal of this security polity is to lay out a basic plan for a secure info organization to be employ by Bloom Design gathering. This form _or_ scheme of government exit protect the orders transcriptions from threats that can come from humans and from natural disasters as well. The policy ordain also put into consideration the privacy, reputation, rational property and productivity of the Bloom Design gathering. The continued operation of this company depends on beingness able to plan of attack and use resources within the organization and being able to remote entree with security. Each persons role in the company ordain be considered and appropriate admissio n fee will be given to warrant the efficient operation of the affair, while non giving approach shot to those who are not authorized. This policy will also help in the companys adherence to any governmental regulations. Any disruptions of service or security related issues will be dealt with immediately by means of administration software that is automated to handle certain threats. More serious issues will be dealt with by the IT staff whose responsibility it is to oversee the everyday operation of the information system.2. groundworkDue in Week One Give an overview of the company and the security goals to be achieved.2.1. Company overviewThe Bloom Design Group is a company that offers interior(a) design services to businesses and individuals around the world. There corporate status is located in New York with a secondary office in Los Angeles for handling trading operations on the West coast. They have a web site that offers their customers the ability to work up their d esigns online and then purchase them through a electronic revisal processing system. Also, the designers use secure logarithmins and passwords to access the web site. A cock-a-hoop number of the workforce work remotely possibly using tablets or ipads connected to secure VPNs or Virtual Private mesh topologys.2.2. Security policy overviewBloom Design sort already provides secure logins and cyberspaces to their employees so they already have approximately symbol of system setup already. However, this does not mean it is a system that works efficiently. I think the appropriate security policy to implement for this project would be system specific.2.3. Security policy goalsAs applies to your selected scenario, explain how the confidentiality, integrity, and availability principles of information security will be addressed by the information security policy.2.3.1. ConfidentialityThe policy I plan to implement will help to protect information by reviewing how the company stores huffy information such as employee and node records, trade secrets, and some other sensitive data.2.3.2. IntegritySince the company will be using passwords and secure logins the system will not be accessible to the public. So the primary focus should be on the employees. Authentication and verification can be done using a data log to keep records of employees activeness while on the companys VPN. Also, the use of a firewall will help with integrity as it will pr stillt employees from unknowingly accessing damaging websites.2.3.3. handinessThe policy I plan to use will help with back-up and recovery by the possible use of cloud fund or a primal data storage center. Although they are already using secure logins for access control the whole system needs to be reviewed. This is to make sure except authorized personnel have access to sensitive areas.3. misfortune Recovery PlanDue in Week Three For your selected scenario, describe the key elements of the accident Recovery Plan to be used in case of a disaster and the plan for raveling the DRP.3.1. Risk Assessment3.1.1. Critical business processesThe mission-critical business systems and services that must be protected by this DRP are Payroll, Human Resource Data, POS backup media, and Web Servers and their services.3.1.2. Internal, external, and environsal risksExamples of internal risks that may affect business are unauthorized accessby individuals who are employed by the company, and those who arent employed by the company but still have access to individual stores computer systems, applications, or areas where the servers and backup media are located. Other external and environmental risks involve fire, floods, power outages, hardware failure, software glitches and failure, storms, and other acts of nature.3.2. Disaster Recovery StrategyMost cases, having an alternative site (a igneous site, or cold site depending on the disaster) would be the correct way of dealing with roughly disasters. With Blo om design group I think having a warm site facility would be the best option. Warm sites are cheaper than hot sites but require more effort. On the other hand, they are more expensive than cold-site facilities but less labor intensive and more likely to be stiff in a disaster. Also, having a backup and retention site to work from, and recover from for the main servers and web services is a good idea.3.3. Disaster Recovery Test PlanFor each testing method listed, briefly describe each method and your rationale for why it will or will not be included in your DRP test plan.3.3.1. Walk-throughsThis test plan would be a great way for the key personnel to come together and formulate a plan of action in the event of an emergency. Due to Bloom Design group being spread across a big(a) area it might require some video conferencing and traveling on the part of some employees.3.3.2. SimulationsI think this test plan is the most effective when compared to the others. Simulating an actual eme rgency is a great way for good deal to get used to operating in a critical time under pressure. This will show you where your people have their strengths and weaknesses when trying to recover from a disaster.3.3.3. ChecklistsThis passive guinea pig of testing would be a good system to implement on a weekly or monthly basis depending on the needs of the company. This will help in detecting problems before they become a major issue.3.3.4. Parallel testingSince Bloom Design group is updating their security parameters and do not have an equal type of system already implemented parallel testing would not be appropriate for this security policy.3.3.5. Full interruptionI think this is another very effective way to test the system in the event of an emergency. However, to minimize inconveniences to the customers it would have to be done during off hours.4. Physical Security PolicyDue in Week cardinal Outline the Physical Security Policy. Merkow and Breithaupt (2006) state, an often over looked connection between physical systems (computer hardware) and analytical systems (the software that runs on it) is that, in order to protect logical systems, the hardware running them must be physically secure (p.165). Describe the policies for securing the facilities and the policies of securing the information systems. Outline the controls needed for each category as relates to your selected scenario. These controls may include the followingPhysical controls (such as perimeter security controls, badges, keys and combination locks, cameras, barricades, fencing, security dogs, lighting, and separating the workplace into functional areas) Technical controls (such as smart cards, audit trails or access logs, intrusion detection, alarm systems, and biometrics) Environmental or life-safety controls (such as power, fire detection and suppression, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning)4.1. Security of the building facilities4.1.1. Physical entry controlsAt the two office locati ons (Los Angeles, New York) for Bloom Design Group I would use employee badges that double as an electronic key to access the building and other sensitive locations. This will work in conjunction withan access control system that limits entree/exit to the offices through one main entrance. There will be an employee entrance as well also to be accessed by an electronic badge.4.1.2. Security offices, ways and facilitiesFor the security offices I would implement biometric scanners due to the sensitive equipment inside. Other rooms and facilities of a sensitive nature will lend oneself electronic badges with a photo and name of the employee.4.1.3. Isolated delivery and loading areasFor these areas I would implement electronic key card access with the use of a CCTV system recording to a DVR. With a CCTV camera located on the driver door in the loading area the person responsible for deliveries will know when a delivery is being made and can observe he outside environment before opening the door.4.2. Security of the information systems4.2.1. Workplace protectionFor this part of the security policy I would utilize pre-employment screening and mandatory vacation time. This prevents people from hiding illegal activities while seting their duties. Also, I would setup privileged entity controls so operators and system administrators have special access to computing resources.4.2.2. Unused ports and cablingFor reinvigorated ports I would use a piece of security equipment that can be plugged into the unused port and can only be removed by someone with a special key. This will help prevent unauthorized access into the cyberspace. For unused cabling I would secure it in a secure storage room which can only be accessed by authorized personnel. If the above mentioned equipment isnt available then the port should be removed.4.2.3. Network/server equipment creation that this is some of the most critical equipment for business operations I would use biometric locks and scann ers on any room thatcontains this equipment. Also these rooms will be environmentally controlled with air conditioners and dehumidifiers to accommodate the equipment to operate at peak efficiency.4.2.4. Equipment maintenanceSince a lot of the equipment is spread across a large region I would utilize remote communication connections to troubleshoot issues. If the maintenance need is more severe than I would have a small centrally located facility that specializes in assessing and repairing go equipment.4.2.5. Security of laptops/roaming equipmentFor laptops and roaming equipment I would install all devices with a GPS tracker and encryption software to protect against unauthorized access. The equipment itself would be stored in a secure storage room with access being tightly controlled.5. Access Control PolicyDue in Week Seven Outline the Access Control Policy. Describe how access control methodologies work to secure information systems5.1. AuthenticationAuthentication credentials p ermit the system to verify ones identification credential. Authenticating yourself to a system tells it the information you have established to prove that you are who you say you are. Most often, this is a simple password that you set up when you receive the privilege to access a system. You may receive an poseed password initially with the requirement that you must reset it to something more personalsomething that only you can remember. However, passwords are the easiest type of authentication to beat. Free and widely available programs are available on the Internet to break the security afforded by passwords on most of the commonly used systems.With two or three factors to attest, an information owner can gain confidence that exploiters who access their systems are indeed authorized to access their systems. This is accomplished by adding more controls and/or devices to the password authentication process. Biometric scanning uses unique human characteristics to identify whether the person trying to gain access is authorized to enter or not. One commonapproach to managing IDs and passwords is to create a password or PIN vault. These programs use secure methods to locally store IDs and passwords that are protected by a master password that unlocks the vault when its needed.5.2. Access control strategy5.2.1. Discretionary access controlThe discretionary access control system will be used for Bloom Design Group because this is the favored approach in the corporate environment and due to the wide area of operations this will furnish several authorized users to have access to the system at any given time. The principle of least privilege is the predominant strategy to assure confidentiality. The objective is to give people the least amount of access to a system that is needed to perform the job theyre doing. The need-to-know dictates the privilege (authority) to perform a transaction or access a resource (system, data, and so forth). An information owner is one who maintains overall responsibility for the information within an information system. For the Bloom Design Group the information owner is going to be the corporate head of IT operations.5.2.2. Mandatory access controlIn a system that uses mandatory access control (MAC also called nondiscretionary access control), the system decides who gains access to information based on the concepts of subjects, objects, and labels, as defined below. Since the Bloom Design Group is spread out over such a large area I do not think this is the best choice for this scenario. MAC is mend suited for military or governmental systems.5.2.3. Role-based access controlRole-based access control (RBAC) groups users with a common access need. You can assign a role for a group of users who perform the same job functions and require similar access to resources. This would also be appropriate for this scenario because it will allow the information owner to easily assign access to certain groups such as designe rs, office personnel, customer service associates and so forth.5.3. away accessRemote Access Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is a client/server protocol and software that enables remote access users to communicate with a centralserver to authenticate dial-in users and authorize their access to the requested system or service. RADIUS allows a company to set up a policy that can be utilise at a single administered mesh point. Having a central service also means that its easier to track usage for billing and for keeping network statistics. A virtual private network (VPN) is another common means for remote users to access corporate networks. With a VPN, a user connects to the Internet via his or her ISP and initiates a connection to the protected network (often using a RADIUS server), creating a private tunnel between the end points that prevents eavesdropping or data modification.6. Network Security PolicyDue in Week Nine Outline the Network Security Policy. As each link in the chain of network protocols can be attacked, describe the policies covering security services for network access and network security control devices.6.1. Data network overviewDue to the large geographic distances between Bloom Design Group offices a WAN is going to be utilized. WAN covers a larger geographic area than a LAN (technically, a network that covers an area larger than a single building). A WAN can span the entire nation or even the globe using satellites.6.2. Network security services6.2.1. AuthenticationAccess to documents can be restricted in one of two ways by asking for a username and password or by the hostname of the browser being used. For Bloom Design Group employees will need to enter a user ID and password to access restricted documents and sites.6.2.2. Access controlUnlike authentication, which is security-based on the users identity, restricting access based on something other than identity is called access control. For Bloom Design group access control to physical locations will be done by controlled by electronic badges. More sensitive areas such as the server rooms will utilize biometric scanners.6.2.3. Data confidentialityThis service protects data against unauthorized disclosure and has two components content confidentiality and message blend confidentiality. For Bloom Design group all messages transmitted and received through company offices will be encrypted to prevent the unauthorized viewing of sensitive company documents.6.2.4. Data integrityThe goal is to protect data from accidental or malicious modification whether during data transfer, data storage, or from an operation performed on it, and to continue it for its intended use. For Bloom Design Group the only people who will be authorized to make changes or modifications will be the Head of the IT subdivision and anyone else they deem necessary.6.2.5. NonrepudiationA service guaranteeing that the sender of a message cannot deny having sent the message and the receiver cannot d eny having received the message. I do not think this will be necessary for Bloom Design group. However, if it does then the proper modifications can always be made.6.2.6. Logging and monitoringThese services allow IS specialists to observe system activity during and after the fact by using monitoring and logging tools. These include operating system logs, server records, application log errors, warnings, and observation of network, switch and router traffic between network segments. I do not think this will be necessary for Bloom Design Group as a whole. However, it will be utilized for any programs having to do with the servers due to its sensitive business content.6.3. Firewall systemOutline the roles of the following network security control devices and how these basic security infrastructures are used to protect the companys network against malicious activity. Provide a description of each type of firewall system and how it is used to protect the network. Include how the firewal l system is or is not applicable to the companys network configuration in your selected scenario.6.3.1. Packet-filtering router firewall systemThe most common Internet firewall system consists of nothing more than a packet-filtering router deployed between the private network and the Internet. A packet-filtering router performs the typical routing functions of forwarding traffic between networks as well as using packet-filtering rules to permit or deny traffic.6.3.2. Screened host firewall systemThe second firewall example employs both a packet-filtering router and a bastion host. This firewall system provides higher levels of security than the previous example because it implements both Network-Layer security (packet-filtering) and Application-Layer security (proxy services). Also, an intruder has to penetrate two separate systems before the security of the private network can be compromised. This will be the option chosen for Bloom Design Group based on needs and cost. Since Bloom Design group is not a governmental or military related company then it doesnt require the most elaborate form of firewall protection.6.3.3. Screened-Subnet firewall systemThe nett firewall example employs two packet-filtering routers and a bastion host. This firewall system creates the most secure firewall system, as it supports both Network-Layer and Application-Layer security while defining a demilitarized zone (DMZ) network.7. References aver all your references by adding the pertinent information to this section by following this example. American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC Author.Information Security Principles and Practices, by Mark S. Merkow, CISSP, CISM and Jim Breithaupt.

White Privileges and the role they play in American Society Essay Example for Free

White Privileges and the role they play in American Society Es supposeOur daily lives are affected by race whether we know it or not. We all see the world through a racial lens that assumptions our world, African American, Caucasian, Asian, Mexican, or otherwise. I came across an article online entitled fateful Sons, White Privilege, Ferguson, and the Gospel which is written by Caucasian Pastor Jeremy Haskins. Haskins has three sons, two of whom are African American.He talks about a time, he went into a childrens recreational dwelling, taking his sons with him, he took his African American son in and tried to sign him in, but he was denied admission because of the color of his skin (even though that was his adopted son it didnt matter). However a short while later, one of the Pastors Caucasian sons walked in (he wasnt on the party list), without being asked to sign in, not even a second glance. The Pastor and his wife do not want to believe that etiolated privilege still exi sts but, unfortunately after those conditions and the current situation going on in Ferguson, MO, they may have too.As the father of two African American sons, Pastor Haskins, has (unfortunately) witnessed firsthand how differently his boys are treated because of the color of their skin. He and his family unlike legion(predicate) have to live everyday of their lives wondering whitherfore we still live in such a racially divided nation. Also different from most Pastor Haskins, has not only previously go through racial tension but hes articulated it and made a practice of blaming it on his childhood. But somehow he manages to overcome this, and furbish up peace with his social injustices.He continues to go and discuss how the shooting in Ferguson has infuriated him in more ways than just the fact that a childlike unarmed African American boy was killed, but because of the response that African Americans and Caucasians alike are having. Instead of retreating to the church and ackn owledging their antagonism towards one another and work to resolve the racial difficulties we are having here in the U. S, they have turned to looting, rioting, and protesting.The fact the Ferguson Police Dept.has used the media to repeatedly misinform the public with false information is not only severely angering, Pastor Haskins, but it has caused him to weep for his two African American sons. But whats really pissed him off is that the Evangelicals say things like Michael Brown was a thug, he was drunk, etc and these are supposed to people of the church. Speaking on angering, Pastor Haskins, the one thing that has completely and utterly queer him is that the Evangelicals are offended that the people say white privilege still exists.They do not regard that they are receiving any special privileges, they honestly think that everyone is treated the same way. That response has led to the, Pastor believing that the Evangelicals will agree to anything racial or not to avoid the thou ght of even having to typeface with African American males and females alike. The Pastor goes on to say that, it is rather easy to deny the privileges and go with the flow, if you are a Caucasian American yourself and enjoying the privileges. Not many people will understand what is like to be at the receiving end of the pole when it comes to racism and white privilege.I can relate to Pastor Haskins, ontogenesis up as a biracial child, with an African American father and a Caucasian mother, I got looks, I was talked about, I wasnt allowed to do things that other kids got to do. There was even a time in Kindergarten (I remember this because I am reminded of it every single day), I was sent to the end of the line in my class, because the Caucasian kids had priority over me, the other African Americans, and minorities in my class. Its sad to see that it has been over 50 years since the Civil Rights Movement, and here we are today in 2014, and Caucasians still have their White Privileg e.

Food Product Analysis: Dutch Lady Full Cream Milk

Food Product Analysis Dutch bird near Cream MilkWong Jun YikFood Product nutritionary LabelTopic 1(a) itemization of Major Minor Food CompoundIngredient list Milks solids non- full-bodied, Milk Fat, Calcium, Vitamin A, Vitamin B2, Vitamin D3 plant origin stabiliser, WaterMajor Food component Milk Solids non-fat (Protein casein paint Whey and Carbohydrates Lactose) Milk Fat (Lipids), WaterMinor Food component Calcium (Mineral) Vitamin A, B2, D3 (Fat Water soluble vitamin)Food Additive Plant origin permitted stabilizerTopic 1(b) Role of Food compound in FoodThe only nutrition additive that atomic enumerate 18 applied in the proceedsion of Dutch madam UHT full cream take out is a permitted stabilizer that are originated from plant sources. While the specific name of the stabilizer is non presented in the food label. The stabilizer could be derived from carrageenan that functions as an emulsifier in the draw product. at a lower place describe the general function s of the plant originated stabilizer used in the production of UHT draw.Topic 2(a) Nutritional Health ClaimIn the content of nutritional and health clear for the Dutch Lady UHT Full cream take out, no nutritional and health claim in identifiable from the publicity of the UHT Milk.Topic 2(b) Enrichment FortificationAccording to the Dutch Lady Malaysia website, nutrient such as protein, Vitamin B2 and calcium are being enriched into the UHT Full cream take out during the milk production. The purpose for enrichment of the milk is to increase the nutritional value that aids in reproduction of body tissue that is essential to the harvest- clock time and development. Besides, enrichment of calcium and vitamin B2 in milk would abet to improve the bones development as come up as to increase the facilitation of energy release. By definition, enrichment is process where food manufacturer replenish the nutrient that were lost during the bear upon. For the Dutch lady UHT milk, the f actor that contri neverthelesses to the enrichment of nutrient is highly influence by two unit of operation in the milk production (1) ultra high temperature preservation technique that destroy heat sensitive nutrient such as vitamin B2 and protein and (2) Recombination/ Reconstitution process that utilize milk solid and milk powder as main ingredient. Recombined milk is a type of milk emulsion set out by the combination of milk powder, milk solids, milk fat pee (Walstra, Wouters and Geurts, 2006). Be hasten the milk solid and milk powder is extracted from the raw milk by the milk product manufacturer, nutrient that are water soluble such as vitamin B and mineral are being separated from the milk solid leading to the needs of enrichment during the production of recombined milk. Besides, the enrichment of nutrient in milk is also needed to achieve the requirement set by the Food regulatory body such as Ministry of health and FDA.Topic 3(a) Factors influencing the downslope of foodDutch Lady UHT full cream milk is a product which undergoes Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) preservation technique that are being package into an antiseptic packaging that are made out of paperboard, polyethylene and aluminum foil that have the properties against pH, oxygen, light and microbial alloy. With such, the factor that influences the deterioration of UHT Milk is mainly contributed by the bodily stress toward the packaging that would cause a breakage in the packaging. In addition, the breakages caused by physical stress would increases the opportunity toward additional biological and physical deterioration factor such as changes in color and flavor causes by the exposure to light, oxidative rancidity through exposure to oxygen and contamination by food-poisoning microorganisms. Moreover, the recitation and the opening of UHT milk packaging by end-user also encourage the deterioration of the milk. Lastly, contaminated packaging and machinery in the product line could co ntribute to the food deterioration. Below describe the factor influencing the deterioration of Dutch lady UHT milk in the packaging as well post- employ deterioration.Physical factorPhysical Stress amateurish discussion and improper storage condition are the major contribution to the deterioration of the uninspired packaging of the milk carton. With opening of the milk carton that is causes by the mechanical stress, it expose the milk toward deterioration such as oxidation and light inducted color changes that are cause the food un preferable to consume. Besides, the opening of the milk carton causes the infestation and attraction of rodent that is naturally vector that carries harmful microorganism.Oxygen With the opening of the aseptic packaging causes by physical stress and the practise of UHT milk by end-user. Both expose the UHT milk toward oxygen which encourages the oxidative rancidity of milk lipids that leads to the formation of undesirable aroma. In addition, the expos e of oxygen also deliver a suitable condition for the microbial growthLight The exposure of UHT milk toward sunlight washstand cause the milk to lose its nutritional properties through the disruption of vitamin B2. Moreover, milk that are exposes to sunlight also cause the milk to develop undesirable burned flavor that are due to the light inductive oxidation of fats and causes the changes in the structure of whey protein.Biological factor Growth and Activities of Microorganism With opening of the packaging cause by physical stress and by consumer, this increase the opportunity of contamination by microorganism that is capable to cause degradation of protein, carbohydrates and fats that deteriorate the quality of the milk. Besides, foul aromas that are being developed by these spoilage microorganisms are deteriorate the quality of the milk. Moreover, other than deterioration that are causes during storage and by consumer, deterioration of UHT milk product also can be contribute d by machinery used in the production line of the UHT milk such as the seal in the homogenizer as well as the air supplied to the aseptic packing unit (Tamime, 2009). In addition, the faulty seams and pinholes in the aseptic packaging box carton are major source of spoilage bacteria in the UHT milk that contribute the deterioration of the food product (Varnam Sutherland, 2001).Topic 3 (b) Principle of food preservation regularity usedBased on the tuition given in the Dutch lady Malaysia website and the packaging, the principle of food preservation method being applied into the UHT full cream milk is Aseptic affect with the purpose to achieve commercial sterility. Aseptic processing is physical preservation methods that involve the utilization of heat to achieve sterility. The purpose of utilizing heat preservation method in the production of UHT Milk is to increase the keeping quality and the shelf life of the milk product. In addition, the utilization of heat treatment helps to reduce some(prenominal) the spoilage and pathogenic microbial population and their spore such as mycobacterium tuberculosis, salmonella species, staphylococcus aureus, etc. Besides, heat preservation treatment help to inhibit enzymatic activity that is derived natively from milk as well as to limit the autoxidation that causes the chemical deterioration of milk lipids (Walstra, Wouters and Geurts, 2006).Commercial sterility in the context of food manufacturing is set up as the degree of sterilization that destroy all pathogenic and toxin forming microorganism that are capable to causes spoilage in food under normal handling and storage condition(Vaclavik and Christian, 2008). In the production of Dutch lady UHT Full cream milk, commercial sterility is achieve through aseptic processing which involve the custom of thermal processing in the form of Ultra high temperature(UHT) preservation technique followed by aseptic packaging technique.The combination of UHT treatment coupled wi th aseptic packaging made a fundamental improvement in term of the bacteriological refugety. Moreover, Aseptic processing improve the shelf life of the dairy product from typical 1-2 weeks of the refrigerated pasteurized product to longer shelf life ranging from 6-9 months without the need of infrigidation as well as the addition of food additive to increase its shelf life. Besides, the shelf life stability of the UHT Milk product that are contributed by the aseptic packaging benefits countries where environmental temperature is high as well as the limitation of refrigeration. (Tewari and Juneja, 2007)Topic 4 Unit of Operation in food productionThe units of operation involved in the production of Dutch Lady UHT Full cream milk are(1) Recombination process, (2) Ultra High Temperature process, (3) Homogenization process and (4) Aseptic packagingRecombination process A recombined milk product is produce through a combination of milk fat and milk solids-nonfat with or without water t o re-establish the consistency of natural milk. The recombination process of the milk start with the dispersion of skim milk powder in the water with a temperature ranging between 40 to 50 C. The milk powder is being fed into the water through the usage of hopper with care taken to avoid any in-cooperation of air. at that place are various method used to in cooperated the powder into the water, where pre emptying the milk powder in a dry room with dust removal system is commonly applied in the recombination process. After the in-cooperation of milk powder with water, the reconstituted milk is left hand for minimum 15 to 20 minutes of hydration with the purpose of minimizing the powdery and chalky mouth feel. In some milk product manufacturer, the reconstituted milk is held overnight at 4 C prior to advertize processing to ensure complete hydration. Upon the completion of hydration process, the reconstituted milk is transfer for filtration to separate out any undissolved milk pow der particle. The reconstituted milk is then left for vacuum de-aeration for 20 minutes to remove occluded air that are commonly lay out in the milk powder with the purpose to prevent the fouling of heat exchanger and excessive oxidation. Lastly, the reconstituted milk is heated to 60 to 65 C with the in-cooperation of liquid milk fat or anhydrous milk fat making a course emulsion through virtuous stirring in a static mixer (USDEC, 2005).Ultra High Temperature The combination of UHT processing together with aseptic packaging in milk was introduced to achieve a shelf stable product, at the same time minimizing chemical change as compared to the in-container sterilized milk. There are two type of heating method involved in the UHT process direct verificatory heating. In direct heating, UHT process is achieve by mixing superheated steam with milk. While in-direct heating achieve UHT through transferring heat from plate heat exchanger(PHE) crossways a partition between the milk and the heating medium either through steam or hot water (Mehta, 1980 Burton,1988). The Ultra high temperature processing involve heating the milk in a continuous process system to a relatively high temperature ranging around 135 degree Celsius with a minimum two second of holding time followed by a rapid cooling. Since the sterilization and cooling process of the flowing liquid-milk in the UHT process is relatively belt up, the longtime heat penetration problem derived from the in-container sterilization is avoided. Through the rapid heat transfer technique utilize in the UHT process, undesirable changes in hold and nutritional quality of the milk is minimized. (Tewari and Juneja, 2007)Aseptic Packaging Aseptic packaging is a form of preservation technique involved the filling of sterile milk product into the sterile container (aseptic tank) in a sterile environment. It is then subsequently sealed through a continuous process that provides a high running(a) flexibility as well as h igh stability against microbial contamination (Tewari and Juneja, 2007). Moreover, the application of aseptic packaging allowed the milk to be package into a relatively versatile container that does not require any form of refrigeration condition that can be easily distributed in part of the world where refrigeration is uncommon. The most common aseptic packages used in the UHT milk are the tetrahedral-shaped paperboard cartons exemplified by Tetra Pak that is made out from the laminated roll stock consist a combination of polyethylene, paper, polyethylene, aluminum foil, polyethylene, and a coating of ionomer resin (Potter and Hotchkiss, 1998).Homogenization Homogenization process is a universal set of industrial practice, purpose to stabilize the fat and water emulsions against separation that are causes by the gravitational pull (Bylund, 1995). In composition of the milk and cream, milk lipids are made out of fat globule that varies from 0.1 to 20 m in diameter that have the tend ency to gather into clumps which rises due to their relatively lighter density as compared to skim milk. This separation between the milk lipids and milk causes highly visible separated layers that are undesirable and unappealing to consumer. To eliminate the separation of milk, homogenization process is applied in the production of milk to cause the disruption of fat globules in order reduce its size to a brokener one, where the new interface is covered with milk protein predominantly micellar casein. Consequently, help to minimize the creaming properties of the milk as well as the tendency for fat globules to coalesce. Moreover, the purpose of integrating homogenization process in the production of UHT milk is further supported work from Walstra, Wouters and Geurts , where the process help to counteracting the creaming of milk lipids, to improve the stability towards partial coalescence as well as to create a desirable rheological properties of the milk (Walstra, Wouters and Geur ts, 2006).ReferencesBylund, G. (1995). Dairy processing handbook. initiatory ed. Lund, Sweden Tetra Pak Processing Systems AB.Dutchlady.com.my (2014). Dutch Lady Nutrition Retain Fresh Milk. online purchasable athttp//www.dutchlady.com.my/en/home.asp? rascal=nutritionsubpage=retain_fresh_milk Accessed 29 Jun. 2014.Furia, T. (1972). CRC handbook of food additives. 1st ed. Boca Raton CRC Press.Harris, P. (1990). Food gels. 1st ed. London Elsevier Applied Science.Milkunleashed.com, (2014). Aseptic Milk Packaging UHT Milk vs Pasteurization Tetra Pak. online on tap(predicate) at http//www.milkunleashed.com/shelf-safe-milk/aseptic-packaging-uht-milk.html Accessed 29 Jun. 2014.Pereira, G. (2014). What nutrients get lost when processing milk? (EUFIC). online Eufic.org. Available at http//www.eufic.org/page/en/page/FAQ/faqid/nutrients-lost-processing-milk/ Accessed 29 Jun. 2014.Potter, N. and Hotchkiss, J. (1998). Food cognizance. 1st ed. Gaithersburg, Md. Aspen Publishers.Practical app lications of gums and stabilisers in dairy Foods. (2014). 1st ed. ebook Massey university, p.10. Available at http//www.dairyaustralia.com.au//media/B60880F0474D4FB6967D2CFA71A5D193.pdf Accessed 29 Jun. 2014.Premiumingredients.es, (2014). Dairy drinks Premium Ingredients. online Available at http//www.premiumingredients.es/applications/dairy/dairy-drinks/ Accessed 29 Jun. 2014.Shereen Lehman, M. (2014). What Are Enriched and Fortified Foods?. online About.com Nutrition. Available at http//nutrition.about.com/od/askyournutritionist/f/enriched.htm Accessed 29 Jun. 2014.Tamime, A. (2009). Milk processing and quality management. 1st ed. Chichester, U.K. Wiley-Blackwell Pub./Society of Dairy Technology.Tasneem, M., Siddique, F., Ahmad, A. and Farooq, U. (2014). Stabilizers Indispensable Substances in Dairy Products of High Rheology. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, online 54(7), pp.869-879. Available at http//dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.614702 Accessed 28 Jun. 2014.Te trapak.com, (2014). Dairy and milk homogenization. online Available at http//www.tetrapak.com/products-and-services/processing-equipment/dairy-equipment/homogenization Accessed 29 Jun. 2014.Tewari, G. and Juneja, V. (2007). Advances in Thermal and Non-Thermal Food Preservation. 1st ed. Hoboken John Wiley Sons.USDEC, (2005). Reference Manual for US Milk Powders 2005 Revised Edition. 1st ed. ebook United States Dairy Export Council. Available at http//usdec.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/2008ReferenceManuals/Milk_Powder_Reference_Manual_Complete2_Optzed.pdf Accessed 29 Jun. 2014.Walstra, P., Wouters, J. and Geurts, T. (2006). Dairy science and technology. 1st ed. Boca Raton CRC/Taylor Francis.Fiszman, S. M., Lluch, M. A. and Salvador, A. (1999). Effect of addition of gelation on microstructure of acidic milk gels and yoghurt and on their rheological properties. Int. Dairy J. 9895901.Varnam, A.H. Sutherland, J.P. (2001) Milk and Milk Products Technology, Chemistry and Microbiology, Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg, MD.Ebola Causes, Symptoms and interpositionEbola Causes, Symptoms and TreatmentTable of Contents1.1 Introduction on Ebola computer computer computer virus.1.2 History of Ebola.1.3 Characteristics of Ebola virus.1.4 Symptoms of Ebola.1.5 Diagnosing Ebola.1.6 Treatment methods for Ebola.1.7 Conclusion.1.1 Introduction on Ebola virus.Ebola is an emerging virus even though it is not new-as it has been emerged before and can be classified as one of the most ancient viruses constitute and it is once again appearing (Draper, 2002). Ebola was basic identified in the Democratic republic of Congo or which was previously known as Zaire, since it appeared in the town of Yambuku-central Africa in the year 1976 (Draper, 2002).The largest and the most complex Ebola outbreak since the first outbreak was in 1976, which was experienced by the people of west Africa in march 2014 (World Health Organization, 2014). This particular outbreak has gone through many cases which h ave lead to death more than all the previous outbreaks combined (WHO, 2014). Ebola can be classified according to its genetic antigenic characterization (Porrut, 2005).1.2 History of Ebola.Ebola virus was first discovered and experienced in the form of two simultaneous outbreaks, first due to the E.Sudan and the other due to E.Zaire, both these outbreaks happened in places close by, in Sudan near the border with the Democratic republic of Congo (Smith, 2005).This virus further affected the towns of Nzara and Maridi between June and November 1976 which gave mortality rate as 53% 150 of 284 victims which is the character of the Sudan subtype (Smith, 2005).The second outbreak was due to the E.Zaire which occurred in the border of the democratic republic of Congo which is close to Sudan and the Central African Republic between August and November in the same year 1976 (Johnson, 2005). The virus is named after the Ebola River where the virus was first discovered in 1976 (CNN, 2014). The third outbreak occurred between July and October 1979 in the same place attacked by the Sudan virus, but didnt cause great extensive outbreaks like the first two, this virus affected 34 people and killing 22- mortality 65% (Porrut, 2005).1.3 Characteristics of Ebola virus.Among the Filoviridae virus, the two commonly found deadly viruses are the Ebola and the Marburg viruses- This viral family contains viruses with non segmented negative-sense RNA genomes (Geisbert and Jahrling, 2005,). Ebola virus is not harmful unless it fuses its glycoprotein viral with the host cell membrane (Wood-Lewis et al., 2005). There are mainly five types of Ebola viruses identified, which are Ebola Zaire, Ebola Ivory Coast, Ebola Sudan, Ebola Bundibugyo, Ebola Reston and the one which is producing the outbreaks in 2014 was due to the Zaire species (WHO, 2014) Filovirus cell entry is supported by its class I fusion protein or the spike protein GP1, 2 (Volchkov, et al., 2011). There are seven genes in the order 3 leader, nucleoprotein, virion-protein 35, VP40, glycoprotein, VP30, VP24, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L)-5 trailer found in the genome (Sanchez et al., 2011).Ebola virus is transmitted to a human via having direct receive with another Ebola victim-here the direct contact includes blood, secretions, organs or other body fluids of the victim and also the surfaces and materials which are contaminated with these fluids (WHO, 2011). Usually the victims of Ebola are infectious as long as their blood and body fluid-which includes semen and breast milk is contaminated with the virus (WHO, 2011). Ebola releases number of countless chemicals like cytokines, chemokines and histamines when it infects different types of cells (Smith, 2009).this causes the number of symptoms we can observe to conclude whether the person is a victim of Ebola or not( Smith, 2009).this viruss genome is particularly small and appears as a long worm l where it resembles a length of thread but it can also b e in a U-shaped or in a shape of 6 or even at times circular.( Smith, 2009).1.4 Symptoms of Ebola.Ebola viruses are pathogenic for humans, as they cause specific febrile hemorrhagic disease and these symptoms will be directly shown after nearly a week (Baron, 2005) usually the symptom of Ebola includes febrility, headache, and abdominal pain. Nausea, fatigue and mostly an ill feeling, but this is what makes diagnosing Ebola onerous, as these symptoms are common for many diseases (Smith, 2009). But to elaborate more, first symptoms of Ebola are sudden fever, muscle pain followed by headache and naked throat along with this the rest of the symptoms are shown which are vomiting, diarrhea, rash and even at times internal and external bleeding is shown (WHO, 2014).1.5 Diagnosing Ebola.It is usually difficult to categorize the Ebola virus and Marburg virus as they both have got similar clinical symptoms here the most common symptoms are severe, febrile and acute fever (Feldman et al, 2 005). Recently there have been many outbreaks on Ebola in several countries of central Africa and due to these outbreaks there have been different types of field diagnostics as medical sophisticated support was required. (Feldman et al., 2003,). For an instance, the two outbreaks of Ebola hemorrhagic fever which took place in Gabon, 1996 resulted in mortality of 66% and 75% respectively in research laboratory confirmed patients. (Courbet et al., 1999). Several diagnostic assays for Ebola infection are currently used and have been recently evaluated in patients in the field. (Ksiazek et al., 1999).The different species of Ebola virus seem to cause somewhat different clinical syndromes, but its slightly difficult to observe them under perfect conditions, and its very rare that observations like this are done. (Feldman, Geisbert and kawaoka, 2007, p.129)Using the symptoms Ebola can be identified, but before doing so it is investigated using so many procedures like Antigen-capture detec tion tests, Serum neutralization tests, Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, Electron microscopy, Virus isolation by cell culture and Antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Handling these can be highly dangerous and can be risky as these can be transmitted through direct contact (WHO, 2014).1.6 Treatment methods for Ebola.Due to its specific morphology, still the drugs and the therapies are not fully evaluated, however it is currently evaluating (WHO, 2014).At the same time Ebola can be prevented to its maximum if we follow necessary preventive techniques like raising the awareness of Ebola infection, safe burials and social mobilization (WHO, 2014).Different species of Ebola virus causes different symptoms but the opportunities for a good observation of the virus under good condition is very rare (Feldman et al., 2011).The bitterness of Ebola virus differs according to the species or strain which attacked the humans as well as non-hu man primates (Sanchez et al., 2011).among the Ebolas genus infection rate of the Zaire Ebola virus and the Sudan Ebola virus rate differs, among these the Zaire Ebola virus has the highest case-fatality rates which is 60-90% (Guenno et al., 2011).lately due to some investigations done which included the observation of some attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus expressing the Ebola virus surface glycoprotein which previously has demonstrated efficiency as a vaccine against Ebola infections in rodents and monkeys (Feldman et al., 2007). It should be highly realized that workers such as doctors, nurses, scientists who work with direct contact with the victim too should be under consecutive care as Ebola is a directly spreading virus (Casillas, 2003).1.7 Conclusion.Moreover to summarize all what is state above we can say that Ebola is not a virus to be put down as it is highly dangerous and very harmful as it can easily spread which causes it to be deadly and also as it can keep rising leading to tragedy deaths. And to recall the past, it is said that Ebola was found in Africa and the name itself implies on the first outbreak which happened near the Ebola River and also there are five main types of Ebola viruses but among them the E.Zaire and the E.Sudan are the commonly found ones. Ebola is a class 4 pathogen belonging to the family Filoviridae as it causes severe hemorrhagic fever and various symptoms and this is currently incurable as there are no specific treatments or drugs available. Isolating the infected person, handling the preventive techniques carefully might reduce the spreading of Ebola, and finally to conclude it is in the futures hand to find proper vaccine and drugs to stop Ebola.Reference listBaron, C. R., Smith, D.I.H. and McCormick, B.J. (2005) The natural history of Ebola, microbes and infection, 7, pp.1005-1006, Online inside 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.04.006 .(Accessed 18 October 2014)Cable news network, S(2014), Ebola fast facts. Available at htt p//edition.cnn.com/2014/04/11/health/ebola-fast-facts/ (Accessed3 November 2014)Casillas, A. M., Nyamathi, A. M., Sosa, A., Wilder, C, L. and Sands, H (2003) A current review of virus Pathogenesis, clinical presentation and diagnostic assessment, Sage journals, 4, pp. 268-275 Online inside 10.1177/1099800403252603 (Accessed 04 November 2014)Draper, A.S. (2002) Ebola. Google Books Online Available at http//books.google.lk/books?id=FohdK6o-8WICprintsec=frontcoverdq=ebolahl=ensa=Xei=3ypWVNaYB8m3uQTq9IDgAQredir_esc=yv=onepageq=ebolaf=false. (Accessed 30 October 2014).Draper, A.S. (2002) Ebola. Google Books Online Available at http//books.google.lk/books?id=FohdK6o-8WICprintsec=frontcoverdq=ebolahl=ensa=Xei=3ypWVNaYB8m3uQTq9IDgAQredir_esc=yv=onepageq=ebolaf=false. (Accessed 30 October 2014).Feldman, H., Geisbert, T. and Kawaoka, Y. (2007) filo virus recent advances and future challenges The Lancet, online available athttp//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673610606678. (Acc essed 18 October, 2014)Feldman, H., Geisbert, T.W., Kawaoka., Peters, C.J., Leduc, L.W., Pattyn, S.R. and Sanchez, A. (2011) Ebola hemorrhagic fever, The Lancet, 377, pp.849-862, Online DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60667-8 (Accessed 18 October 2014)Feldman, H., S.M. Jones., K.M. Daddario-Dicapario., J.B. Geisbert and U. Stroher (2007) Effective post-exposure treatment of Ebola infection, PLOS, January Online Available at http//www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0030002close (Accessed 1 November 2014)Geisbert, T. W. and Jahrling, P. B. (2005) Endosomal proteolysis of the Ebola virus glycoprotein is necessary for infection, Science, 308, pp. 1643-1645, Online DOI 10.1126/science.1110656. (Accessed 31 October 2014)Guenno, B. Le. Formenty, P. and Wyers, M. (2011) Ebola hemorrhagic fever, The Lancet, 377, pp.849-862, Online DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60667-8 (Accessed 18 October 2014)Feldman, H., Geisbert, T. W., Jahrlring, P. B., and Netesov, H. D. (2005) labo ratory diagnosis of Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever, Virology, 3, pp. 205-209 online Available athttp//www.pathexo.fr/documents/articles-bull/T98-3-2761-4-5p.pdf.(Accessed 18 October 2014)Feldman, H., Jones, S., Klenk, H. D. and Schnitzler, H. J (2003) Ebola virus from discovery to vaccine Nat rev immunol, 3, pp. 677-685 online available at http//www.pathexo.fr/documents/articles-bull/T98-3-2761-4-5p.pdf. (Accessed 18 October 2014)Leroy, E. M., Baize, S., Lu, C, Y., McCormick, B, J., Georges, A, J., Courbet, G, M-C., et al, (2000) Diagnosis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever by RT-PCR in an epidemic setting, journal of medical virology, 60, pp.463-467 online available athttp//www.readcube.com/articles/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(200004)6043.0.CO2-M?r3_referer=wolshow_checkout=114137278393851type=checkout%3Aready (Accessed 18 October 2014)Porrut, X., Kumulungai, B., Wittman, T. and Moussavou (2005) The natural history of Ebola, Microbes and infection, 7(7-8), pp.1005-1014 Online DOI10.1016/j .micinf.2005.04.006 (Accessed 03 November 2014)Sanchez, A., Geisbert, T. W., Feldman, H. and P. B. Jahrling (2011) Ebola hemorrhagic fever Lancet, 377, pp.849-862, Online DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60667-8 (Accessed on 31 October 2014)Smith, T. C. (2009) Ebola. Google Books. Online Available at http//books.google.lk/books?id=u22zQ669ZfoCpg=PA35dq=ebola+characteristicshl=ensa=Xei=_AZZVLWeDsLt8gXmoYGYDgredir_esc=yv=onepageq=ebola%20characteristicsf=false (Accessed 31 October 2014)Volchkov, V. E., Volchkova, V. A., Dolnik, O., Feldman, H., Klenk., Lee, J., Mangasarian and Tronto, D. (2011) Ebola virus peptide immunoadhesins inhibit Marburg virus and Ebola virus cell entry journal of virology, 22, pp.8502-8513, Online DOI 10.1128/JVI.02600-10. (Accessed 31 October 2014).Wood-Lewis, R. J., Bates, P. and Takada, A. (2005) Endosomal proteolysis of the Ebola virus glycoprotein is necessary for infection, Science, 308, pp. 1643-1645, Online DOI 10.1126/science.1110656. (Accessed 31 October 20 14).World health organization (2014) Ebola virus disease. Available at http//www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/. (Accessed 30 October 2014).1

Users Perception On Digi Telecommunication Ebilling Service

Users Perception On Digi Telecommunication E calling carding ServiceDigi telecommunication (DIGI) established in the year of 1995 and is a well-k forthwithn busy communications brand company in Malaysia that provides a completely range of highly affordable and simple to use Wi-Fi telecommunications services to make easier and improve the rapture level towards Digi customer. The company provides mobile ph nonp areil as well as fixed telephone systems products and services which enable people to stay connected incessantly with each other no matter where they are. DIGIs two main business lines services are operates into such(prenominal) as Digi paid, Digi prepaid and international services as voice services, and text messaging, multimedia messaging service (MMS), broadband internet, GPRS/EDGE and wireless application protocol (WAP) as data services. Digi postpaid is where the user utilize fixed line service to call and move over the bill after their total usage used for the month whereby Digi prepaid user have to pay and reload the credit first before using the service, and this do not need any phone bills. International services are also called as international direct dial (IDD), which enable customer to make international roaming such as calls and text messaging.2.0 Rationale for the titleDigi Telecommunication industry is among one of the rapid grow industry in Malaysia. The telecommunication sector is expanding rapidly because of its up-to-date services and products. Due to the rapid development of technology, people are now in the era of telecommunication and internet based. Everything in the world are usually communicate using internet and business can be distinguish using online transaction. This development has become a transition for the development of the nations industrial sectors. All mobile communications company in Malaysia are seeking distinguishable ways to compete themselves from their competitors and gain benefits over competition. A good quality of service becomes the promoting method to attract customer attention as it is the most significant factors in customer satisfactions.The main reason for choosing this title is to look and list the users perception on Digi e-billing services in Penang celestial orbit. Besides, it also helps users to aware about the foundation of Digi e-billing service. It is important to determine the customers requirements, demands and the perception of the customers towards Digi e-billing services as in to gain the customer service level. in that locationfore, hand phone bills that are postal mail to the customers in monthly basis is already become a regular method among Malaysians. Its already a fact that in this current advanced technology world, every(prenominal) single separate in urban areas has a mobile phone because its one of a trends and lifestyles for people.Besides that, another reason is because of the current climate spay issue, Digi has now took part in the Go Green campaign to reduce the climate impact, Digi has now fully launch and encouraging e-billing service system to postpaid customers. For those postpaid customers who choose to convert to e-billing and unsubscribe for paper billings, DiGi ordain be contribute the each of the postpaid customers paper billings of RM3.00 to WWF-Malaysia as a reforest funds. This is an effort to background the environment impact by encouraging the postpaid customers to receive the monthly statement electronically rather than receiving the usual paper bills. Besides playing a role in protecting the countrys forest, Digi customers also get to reduce the monthly bill by RM3 to convert to e-billing service.3.0 inquiry Question and Research ObjectivesThis section will brought up some questions in this research paper which are relevant to the research title and also to identify the main objective of the research paper. There are 10 research questions created which are related to the title. The questions are as below1) Why do customers choose Digi as their telecommunication lucre?2) What are the level of customers satisfactions by using Digi postpaid network service?3) How do customers sign up for e-billing online?4) How do customers received their monthly statement bill by means of e-billing?5) Do e-billing service brings convenient to customers?6) Do customers participate in e-billing service?7) Do customers prefer received monthly statement though paper bill or e-billing?8) How frequent customers able to check on the e-billing statement in a year?9) Do customers support Digi to go for Go Green by using e-billing?10) How does the users perception level on Digi e-billing service in Penang area?3.1 Research ObjectivesThere are 2 main objectives for this study. The objectives of this study are to identify the users perception level on Digi e-billing service in Penang area. Secondly, is to let user aware about the e-billing services and encourage them convert to e-billing to reduce climat e impact.4.0 Research MethodsThe type of this research method is based on empirical project. The research is focused to conduct a survey on the Digi e-billing Service in Penang area only. This research will involve a total of 150 respondents to get the feedback. To make this research into more well focused study, the respondents will consists of the Digi postpaid network service customers in the Penang area where they will select to participate into this survey only. They were either the existing or previous Digi postpaid user. The research is not peculiar(a) to any other requirements either age or religion. Overall, all Digi telecommunication postpaid user in Penang area will participate in this research study.In this research, primary and secondary research is included to obtain the data collection. Primary research will started off with distributions questionnaires to Digi postpaid users in Penang malls such as, Queensbay Mall, Gurney Plaza, Prangin Mall, first Avenue Mall and also Straits Quay Mall. Besides that, e-mail survey will be forwarded out to selective friends and other Digi postpaid users by e-mail. And finally, an individual interview will be held between the Digi sales person and other Digi postpaid users. Next, secondary research will obtained by using electronic databases such as journals and articles and online research.5.0 Time ScaleActivityDatelineTitle / Article13th April 2011Proposal13th April 2011Questionnaire ConstructionQuestionnaire AnalysisMethodology Analysis literary works ReviewSubmission

Triggering Factors that influence the Entrepreneurs

Triggering Factors that influence the EntrepreneursResearch in entrepreneurship has introduced many aspects of how and why people confine decisions in new venture creation (Shane, 2002). Entrepreneurial psyches atomic number 18 lots motivated by economic and/or psychological factors. Scholars experience agreed that the entrepreneurial surgical procedure and theories involve a complex set of variables that are beyond any single aspect. To identify motives and incentives of entrepreneurial activities involves disseminating several layers of relationships between personal factors, external forces and other random events (Liang and Dunn, 2007).From the existing literature we can ration eachy excogitate that, the decision to launch a new venture probably includes individual endogenous factors and exogenous factors of the environment. Limited studies induce discussed the possibility that pre business entrepreneurs (who are be after to cash in ones chips entrepreneur) might have d ifferent triggers to launch new ventures compared to in-business (who are expanding the business) professionals.Triggers as defined by Liang and Dunn (2007) forces in the individuals or in the individuals perception of their dapple that move them toward the entrepreneurial process. It is classic to distinguish triggering factors and triggering events from triggers. Triggering events are more like something happened as an occasion or an episode that influence individuals assessment on the situation. Triggering factors could be interpreted as issues or features that influence individuals perspectives about current situations (Liang and Dunn, 2007).This study measures the triggers, which influences the professionals (who are planning to become and those who wants to expand their business) to become entrepreneurs. In addition to this we go forth also measure the relationship between the triggers and demographics of individuals.This study is of major interest to various disposal org anizations like small and medium enterprises (SMEDA), non government organizations (NGO), policy makers of government and business to business organization (B2B). Implications of this research study will help them to identify the pattern of individuals, who wants to become entrepreneurs and which triggers them to think about starting new venture. publications ReviewThe purpose of the literature review is to outline the triggers identified by various researchers/authors and to analyze the dimensions in which different authors works on the entrepreneurs triggers.At a basic level, entrepreneurship is recognized as a highly personalized activity. The entrepreneur is motivated to create a venture, which reflects their vision and ambitions, and is prepared to review and reorganize their amicable environment to make it materialize (Morrison, 2000)Characteristics of entrepreneurs identified by various authors (Longenecker, Moore, Petty,2000 Scarborough Zimmerer, 2000 Bhide, 2000) are hig h achievement drive, action oriented, optimism, opportunistic, internal locus of control, tolerance for ambiguity, moderate risk taking, commitment/tenacity, commitment, initiative, independence or some form of one or more of these. These authors also determines motivation related to new venture formation, to enjoy what individuals are doing, revolves around the opportunity to gain control over personal lives/independence, to achieve personal goals and recognition, to get profits/financial rewards, and to make a difference/ lend to society.The key of the entrepreneurship process initiations depends within the individual of the society and the extent to which individuals wants to enter in new ventures and holds the spirit of enterprise (Morrison, 2000)McLelland, (1961) identified common characteristics and ways, Those which emerged relative to all the entrepreneurs are they bring intelligence and sound analytical skills to bear on risk management they are all in some respect devian ts from the friendly norms within their countries to differing degrees they exhibit strong moral, work and business ethics irrespective of industry sector a strong traders instinct is apparent they are pull to life-long learning through both orchis and informal mechanisms and extensive use is made of both informal and formal networks.Morrison et al., (1998) proposed that the entrepreneurship is initiated by the personal, society and culture intuition. Entrepreneurship is not only initiated by the economic aspects but it involves material, immaterial and idealism functions. The fundamental nature of the entrepreneurship is the use of innovatory process and the risk bearing by the individual, through which individual wants to bring change in both a social and economic nature of his own and the society.Kirzner (1979) believes that the source of entrepreneurship within the human spirit flourish when on that point is uncertainty and competition. This enterprising spirit in terms of inspirational means is described by Gilder(1971, p 258)The spirit of enterprise wells up from the cognition of ages and the history (of the west) and infuses the most modern of technological adventures. It joins the old and new frontiers. It assers a firm hierarchy of values and demands ad hard discipline. It requires a life of p placetariat and listening, aspiration and courage. But it is the source of all we are and can become, the saving grace of democratic politics and free men, the hope of the poor and the obligation of the fortunate, the redemption of an oppressed and desperate world.Longenecker, Moore, Pettit, Palich (2006) suggested that entrepreneurs wanted to make money, become their own boss, escape a bad situation, enjoy and satisfying life, and contribute to the community.Bygrave (1989) discussed entrepreneurship as a process that involved triggering event, innovation, implementation, and growth. In the triggering event stage he suggested that there were sociologica l, personal, and environmental factors that lead to entrepreneurship. Again, both internal and external forces seemed to be at play.Culture is an important variable in entrepreneurship because it establishes the attitudes of individuals towards the commencement of entrepreneurship (Vernon-Wortzel and Wortzel, 1997). Every era produces its own models of entrepreneurship according to its specific needs of the host society however, it has been described consistently using terms such as innovative, holistic, risk-taking and co-coordinating ways of behavior. Certain cultural institutions may facilitate, or hinder, entry into entrepreneurship. Thus, it is proposed that the culture of societies and the characteristics of people living in these societies, impacted by certain innate personality traits, will influence the degree to which entrepreneurship is initiated (Morrison, 2000).The above provided argument by the Morrison, (2000) is supported by theBateman (1997), those economies and re gions which have flourished in the late 20th century, have in common a business culture, which can be broadly described as entrepreneurial. It is attuned to the needs of a changing market economy and open to changing demands, innovations, products, opportunities and technologies. Entrepreneurship has been found to be important and meaningful in society at points of transition, for example, traditional to modern, modern to post-modern and state-controlled economies to free-market. At each of these points, entrepreneurship is harnessed by societies as a common approach to solving dilemmas, to break old, stable and hierarchical traditions and institutions and to introduce new, innovative ways of behavior. Thus, it is suggested that entrepreneurship can be regarded as an instrumental role for changing the culture of an era (Morrison, 2000)According to Timmons (1994, p. 9) about entrepreneurial behavior is, what is needed is a favorable environment which combines social, political and educational attributes. In bad-tempered it requires A culture that prizes entrepreneurship, an imperative to educate our population so that our entrepreneurial potential is second to none and a government that generously supports pure and use science, fosters entrepreneurship with enlightened policies, and enables schools to produce the best educated students in the world.Dollinger (1995) discussed what he characterized as the impetus for entrepreneurship. He discussed the Sociological Approach which focused on four factors that led entrepreneurs toward new venture creation. Negative displacement was where individuals were marginalized from society, because of who they were or their situation including being fired or not satisfied with their current employment or divorced. in the midst of things included individuals between stages of their life. Positive pull included other people (potential collaborators, parents, customers) who provided an impetus to entrepreneurship. Positive p ush included entrepreneurs who, because of their education or situation, were pushed toward entrepreneurship. Individual factors or a combination of any of these factors could move the entrepreneur toward new venture creation.The manner, in which the young are conditioned from an early age through the formal education system, and the fact that dominant approaches are frequently reinforced within family life, plays a significant role in the initiation of characteristics generally associated with entrepreneurial behavior (Gibb, 1996).It has been identified that a characteristic of entrepreneurship is that it tends to pervade family life, with the entrepreneur being unable to divorce business from social living (Deakin, 1996). In this respect, family background plays a role in two ways. First, if an entrepreneur has previous experience of the effect of entrepreneurship from a family member they are more prepared for the consequences of their own activities. Second, family support of en trepreneurship can make a positive contribution to its sustenance. For all the entrepreneurs represented in the study, positive immediate family support for their entrepreneurial behaviour had played an important part in its sustenance. What was also identified as of significance was the role of the extended family in enabling access to funds and markets to support individual entrepreneurs in the creation and instruction of their businessesWithin some societies there is a practice of saving for the future, while within others the focus is on living and spending to enjoy the moment. This has an implication for the bar of personal funds that may be available for investment in business. The dominant cultural attitudes, values and beliefs of a population at one limited point of time will result in a particular common mind-set relative to the degree to which entrepreneurship is supported by society (Gilder, 1971).The entrepreneur in terms of who he/she is and what he/she does, which h as often resulted in characterizing persons who might be more likely to become entrepreneurs than others (Rerup, 2005). To date, scholars suggest three broad types of entrepreneurs, to wit (a) Nascent, (b) Novice, and (c) Habitual entrepreneurs (see e.g. Birley and Westhead, 1993 Kolvereid and Bullvg 1993 Wright 1997 Westhead and Wright, 1998). The (a) nascent entrepreneur has not yet engaged in an entrepreneurial venture but has a general aspiration of establishing a business. The (b) novice entrepreneur has conventional one venture but does not have any prior entrepreneurial experience (Westhead et al. 1998). Lastly, the (c) habitual entrepreneur has established at least one other business prior to the current venture, hence possesses prior entrepreneurial experience. At some point, all entrepreneurs are nascent and then novice.Hall (1995) who divides habitual entrepreneurs into four sub-types namely attendant entrepreneurs, portfolio entrepreneurs, serial inheritors or serial m anagement buy-outs (MBOs) /management buy-ins (MBIs), and multiple corporate entrepreneurs. Serial and portfolio entrepreneurs have repeatedly engaged in the creation of new ventures Serial entrepreneurs exit (close or sell) their current business before establishing a subsequent venture, whereas portfolio entrepreneurs keep possession in more than one business at a time hence have ownership stakes in a portfolio of businesses. In contrast, serial corporate entrepreneurs (or intrapreneurs) are persons who create new combinations of resources or realize new business opportunities in existing companies. Both, inheritors or serial MBO/MBI entrepreneurs are not traditionally regarded as true entrepreneurs because MBOs and MBIs do not create new businesses per se (Deakins and Freel, 2003).Purpose of this StudyThe main purpose of this study is to investigate theoretically and seek empiricallyThe difference between pre business versus In business entrepreneurs triggersWhich pre-business e ntrepreneurial triggers have relationships with demographicsWhich In-business triggers entrepreneurial have relationships with demographicsConceptual Frame WorkThe conceptual hurtle work of this study is taken from the study of Liang and Dunn (2007).Data Analysis TechniqueCronbachs alpha for internal consistency, factor analysis to reduce the variables in each trigger, and retroflexion analysis will be used to check the relationshipData CollectionData will be collected from the professionals who are planning to become an entrepreneur and entrepreneur who are planning to expand their existing business.Sample SizeThe total sample size will be 200 professionals from Lahore and Islamabad, with cost consideration of respondents from each city and equal representation of pre-business and in-business professionals.Research InstrumentTriggers of entrepreneur which will be 42 and demographics variables considered will be gender, education level, age, married status, type of business and y ears of experience of respondents will be taken from the study of Liang and Dunn (2007).

Should Ecstasy be legal? :: essays research papers

Ecstasy, a drug with many different opinions and views, is often viewed as a killer, which is a stretch of the truth. The drug is sometimes thought of as one of the worst things in the world, provided also as the best. Health issues are a trouble and there have been some deaths .The deaths though are no way near the number of alcohol or cigarette deaths. How could such a fine-looking word be considered such a horrible thing . Ecstasy can kill, alone you can die tomorrow by being chance upon by a car or getting shot, why not live your manner to the fullest. Live everyday as if it were your last, but dont be stupid about it. Ecstasy does not kill a person, thats just the excuse they use for ruining their life or sidesplitting themselves.Certain people including doctors and parents have set up and had conferences and meetings to inform other parents and children of the hug drug. A man named Jeff Milgram wrote a article on www.lindesmith.org he said, usually when your children w ould ask you if they could attend a non-alcoholic dance, you would be more than happy to let them attend. But do you really know what they are getting into? Those dances are cognize as raves and are one of them ultimate and most popular place to drop E .Health hazards range from any where to raise in temperature and faintness to illness and grinding of the teeth .But continued use can result in holes in the brain and even liver damage.Yes ecstasy is used at raves, but not by everyone. Natural ravers (sober ravers), are given a bad rap because their title raver is automatically connected to ecstasy. Yes many people at raves drop ecstasy but just as many do not. Many people have been permanently effected by ecstasy , but those people say that the drug ruined their life when in actuality they ruined their own life.A girl named Sarah who was interviewed by channel 6 true life on ecstasy had done ecstasy for 3 years. However, the mistake in her part was that she had done it almost EVE RY day. When she had gotten her brain scanned, she had a brain of a 75-year-old woman who had multiple strokes. Sarah at the time was only 25, but take into consideration that she more than abused the drug.

How Diverse is B.E.T. :: essays research papers

The television and music industry is bingle of the main industries of today. I chose to research the company BET (Black Entertainment Television). BET is the number one black television network on television today and it is the only television show that does not have any snow-white announcers or white based shows, everything is based on blacks and what is going on today in the lives of Black mint.BET is a show for the ages and what I mean by that is that you testament only ever hear about teenagers and young adults watching it, it is not a show that is centered around all age groups like MTV (Music Television). The people that BET is targeted towards are the group that is what makes the world go round.But the problem with BET is that even though it targets the main age groups of the world, it only is targeted towards the black consort and isnt meant for whites. BET is not a very diverse company and they need to become one, but if they become more diverse they could actually u naccented the business they have now. It is the only show in the world that has no white television announcers and will not have any television shows that are white based and that would encourage white living.BET is one of those shows that plays all rap videos and goes around to the ghettos of the US and shows what life is really like outback(a) of the yuppie lifestyle so many people think this world is like. It shows how things are and they shouldnt change anything. If they changed the races they attracted then I believe they would loose money. BET is credibly the only company that can get away with not being very diverse and still be successful. They will never be a diverse company and will never show diverse shows.