Freud and Jungs Father/Son Relationship - 835 Words

FreudJung Introduction The relationship between Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud began in 1906 when Jung sent Freud a signed copy of his published studies. Unknown to Jung, Freud had already purchased his own copy of the book after hearing how favorably his name figured into the writings. Six months later, Freud sent a collection of his latest published essays to Jung in Zà ¼rich.(The Well-Documented Friendship of Carl Jung Sigmund Freud, 2014,p.1) When the two were finally able to meet in 1907 in Vienna, they sat and talked for thirteen hours straight.(Carr, J., 2012). From that day until 1909, their letters were filled with father-son references(Carr, J., 2012). Freud became a father figure to Jung(The Well-Documented†¦show more content†¦But also Freud has his own opinions about Jung’s interests.Freud dismissed Jung’s interest in religion and myths as being ‘unscientific.’(The Well-Documented Friendship of Carl Jung Sigmund Freud, n.d. ,p.4) After difference of ideas, some issues appears in their relationship. And it goes till last straw. Some issues that cause break-up Minna Bernays Freud’s wife’s sister Minna Bernays, told to Jung that she feels â€Å"sexual intimacy† to Freud. Jung never shared this information with Freud but according to Martin S. Fiebert, the revelation and initial deception had a profound impact on aspects of the Freud/Jung relationship.(F. Martin,2010) Anti-Semitism Freud apparently did not confront Jung directly and the issue of Jungs alleged anti-Semitism played a part in Freuds eventual distancing himself from Jung. As an example, Freud wrote to Rank in August, 1912 (Gay, 1988, p.231) and indicated that the problems with Jung reveal his failure to achieve an integration of Jews and anti-Semites on the soil of Psychoanalysis. Sabina Spielrein Sabina Spielrein falls in love with Jung when he is responsible doctor for her. And it comes to light with the letters that Sabina wrote her mother. Mutual Dream Analyses In his interview with Billinsky (1969, p. 42), Jung recalls, Freud had some dreams that bothered him very much. The dreams were about the triangle--Freud, his wife and his wifes younger sister. Freud had no idea I knew about theShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud and Carl Jung1331 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud and Carl Jung Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung begun their relationship in 1906, when Carl Jung sent Freud a copy of his signed published studies, But Jung did not know that Sigmund Freud actually already owned a copy (well-Documented). Jung looked up to Freud and saw him as a father figure (well-Documented). Freud became Jung’s Mentor. In 1909, Freud and Jung toured the United States, and this is were they had a few disagreement on the unconscious mind. Jung thought Freud was negativeRead MoreEssay on A Dangerous Method921 Words   |  4 PagesMethod, recounts the relationship between two psychiatry pioneers, Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, in the early part of the 20th century. Michael Fassbender as Jung, Viggo Mortensen as Freud, and Keira Knightley as Jung’s patient and future psychoanalyst Sabina Spielrein. Its Jung around whom the story revolves, as a rising young intellect attempting to build on Freuds fledgling theories of psychoanalysis. In Cronenbergs version, we watch as their professional relationship evolves from student-teacherRead MoreEssay about Carl Gustav Jung1078 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluential not only in psychology, but in religion and literature as well. Jung was born on July 26, 1875 in Kesswil, Switzerland, the only son of a Protestant clergyman. At the age of four his family moved to Basel. His childhood was a lonely one. Jung observed his parents and teachers and tried to understand their behavior, especially that of his father. The elder Jung had a failing belief in religion. Jung could never understand why. There were numerous relatives on either side of his familyRead MoreSigmund Freud And Carl Jung1830 Words   |  8 PagesPsychology July 15, 2015 Freud vs. Jung â€Å"One repays a teacher badly if one remains only a pupil. And why, then, should you not pluck at my laurels? You respect me; but how if one day your respect should tumble? Take care that a falling statue does not strike you dead! You had not yet sought yourselves when you found me. Thus do all believers -- Now I bid you lose me and find yourselves; and only when you have all denied me will I return to you.† (Nietzsche Quoted by Jung to Freud, 1912), [McGuire, 1974]Read MoreCarl Jung s Theory Of Psychology2234 Words   |  9 PagesSigmund Freud along with Carl Jung are among the main pioneers of psychology, they can be viewed as the early founders and most influential thinkers, as they contributed significantly to the modern science of psychology. They earnestly searched to understand the human psychological frailties in their entire lives trying to address and understand the human’s internal changes and struggles. This paper will compare and contrast Feud’s theories to those of Jung. Though their theories differ, they haveRead MoreCarl Jung and the Spiritual Anima and Animus1946 Words   |  8 Pagesout from Jung’s archetypes are the anima and animus. Von Franz states that both the anima and animus have four sub-topics: erotic, romantic, spiritual and wisdom/ transcendent. The spiritual aspect of the anima and animus is quite important in Carl Jung’s theor y (Von Franz). On, July 26, 1875 Carl Gustav Jung was born in Switzerland. Jung was the fourth child of Paul Achilles Jung and Emilie Preiswerk and of the four children he was the only surviving child (Cherry). During Jung’s childhoodRead MoreEssay on Theory of Analytical Psychology2821 Words   |  12 PagesRunning head: Theory of Analytical Psychology Research Paper PSYC 341 Carl Jung’s Theory of Analytical Psychology Psychology of Personality By A. M. Barnett January 17, 2006 Abstract Carl Gustav Jung was bone July 26, 1875 (Feist and Feist, 2002). He was blessed to be surrounded by an educated family, including clergymen. Carl Jung as a young man was a colleague of Freud. His life’s work was exploring the unconscious. Freud’s theory of the unconscious made the unconscious soundRead MoreJungian Theories Essay1301 Words   |  6 Pagesfriend and mentor Sigmund Freud: the psychoanalytical theories. Early on in his career Jung followed Freud and supported his theories, but as Jung found aspects of Freuds theories that he found disagreements with, Jung parted and formulated his own (Anthony). In turn, his theories would go beyond psychology and affect theology, philosophy, and anthropology, according to George H. Pollock in World Book Encyclopedia. Jung was born on July 26, 1875 in Kesswil, Switzerland. Son to Johnannes Paul AchillesRead More The Life and Work of C.G. Jung Reconsidered Essay4204 Words   |  17 Pagescontributions to the fields of psychology, and philosophy as well. It can even be said, and has been, that Dr. Jung is the father of modern â€Å"new-age† thinking. He also laid the groundwork for those who were inspired by his thoughts, perhaps much in the way that he himself was originally inspired by Freud. Once again, while my original opinion of Dr. Jung caused me to â€Å"wonder how much of Jung’s work was truly visionary, and how much of it benefits from a positive hindsight bias because of the successes he wasRead More‘Describe and Evaluate Carl Jung’s Theory Concerning Personality Types and Show How They Might Usefully Help a Therapist to Determine Therapeutic Goals’4006 Words   |  17 Pages ‘Describe and evaluate Carl Jung’s theory concerning personality types and show how they might usefully help a therapist to determine therapeutic goals’ Page 1 Introduction In this essay I aim to demonstrate an understanding of Jung’s personality types by describing and evaluating his theory and to show how they might useful in helping a therapist to determine therapeutic goals. I will also look at some of the criticisms levelled at Jung’s theory. Carl Gustav Jung,

Camping For Their Lives By Scott Bransford - 980 Words

In â€Å"Camping for Their Lives† by Scott Bransford it states that there has been a development of tent cities throughout the American West and how the lives of the people who dwell in them are affected. Bransford uses many different techniques to make his point to the readers. The author also uses valid evidence to support all of his claims. This reading overall is credible and informative to its readers. The author begins by discussing the lives of two individuals that reside in the tent homes of Fresno, California. He goes on to state that many other people also live similar lives in these tent houses not only in Fresno California but all across America. Bransford continues to inform the readers of how this is not a recent trend but an ongoing one that continues to affect people and gives some perspectives from people who are involved either by living in one of these tent cities or by working with the homeless. This topic is important because homelessness affects the lives of many people throughout society. Today with the cost of living being high and minimum wage being low, homelessness is not as uncommon as most people would like it to be. Tent cities are areas where people have gathered to build informal habitats. One of the main points the author begins with is that in any other country these kinds of areas would be called slums but in the United States they are called â€Å"tent cities â€Å"which is a form of doublespeak. These areas are without the luxuries of electricity,Show MoreRelatedCamping For Their Lives By Scott Bransford883 Words   |  4 PagesUpon reading the title â€Å"Camping for Their Lives† by Scott Bransford, A lot of images come to mind as they do for many people. Whether it be family outings, military experience or just plain adventure. Scott Bransford takes a good long look at camping in a different way. The author’s topic is about the tent cities and their homeless populations. He argues the struggles that they have with little or no help from the government and highlights a location in Central Valley California. The authorRead MoreCamping For Their Lives By Scott Bransford881 Words   |  4 Pages Upon reading the title to the reading â€Å"Camping for Their Lives† by Scott Bransford, A lot of images come to mind as they do for many people. Whether it be family outings, military experience or just plain adventure. Scott Bransford takes a good long look at camping in a different way. The author’s topic is about tent cities and their homeless populations. He argues the struggles that they have with little or no help from the government and highlights a location in Central Valley California.

HRM Systems - Leadership - and Tacit Knowledge

Question: Discuss about the HRM Systems, Leadership, and Tacit Knowledge. Answer: Introduction: In the recent competitive market, every organization is trying to achieve more to survive and thrive in the market. The technological advances, preferences of the customers and the globalization factor are the major factors that are driving the growth in the organizations. The higher education institutions in Australia have undergone major changes in the recent years and it is said that these will continue in the future as well. The University of Queensland is located in the capital city of Queensland that is Brisbane. It is one of the top universities with respect to life science and business in Australia. The campus is spread across the inner suburbs of St. Lucia to the southwest end of the central business unit in Brisbane. The university was established in 1911 and is often referred as Sandstone University by the local people. The mission of the university is to influence the society in a positive way by engaging the excellence through application, transfer, creation and preservation of knowledge. The university helps in shaping up the future of the leaders, which will help in inspiring the future generation. The vision of the university is to impart knowledge, which will help in building leaders for a better world (UQ's Mission, Vision and Values 2017). The strategic HRM model of Jackson and Schuler helped in linking the competitive strategies such as cost reduction and innovation with the HRM practices. Laws and regulations- Australia has around 39 universities that are governed by the legislation that is present in the state or the territory. These higher education institutions help in serving the public in a traditional method (Schuler and Jackson 2014). The University of Queensland was established to serve the interests of the public for the international communities, Australian and the Victorian communities respectively. The university has the right to enjoy freedom of information that is present in the Australian jurisdiction, which will help in the creation of general rights to gain access to the information that is in possession of the local authorities. The Australian Federal Court has a provision to solve the disputes of the students regarding the federal matters but the forum is not appropriate to solve the disputes of the students that are non-federal in nature (Chuang, Jackson and Jiang 2016). Culture- The students face many challenges when they travel to new countries to pursue higher education especially if the culture of the home country of the student is strikingly different than the county in which the student goes to pursue the education. The psychological and the physical changes in the students hamper their performance in the educational sectors because of the adjustments they have to undergo on a regular basis. The students who come with a particular aim for a short period of time experiences culture shock, which happens due to the loss in the signs and symbols of an everyday life. These factors lead to a psychological stress in the individuals because they find it hard to cope with the strategies that are being exposed to them (Veloso, Tzafrir and Enosh 2015). The factors that have an influential effect on the students are the cultural differences of the host country with respect to the language, gender, proficiency, level of education, age and the self-esteem experience. Another major factor is the length of stay, which adds major discomfort as in the international students because of being exposed to new cultures (Hauff, Alewell and Hansen 2014). Politics- According to the review that was conducted by the Howard government in 2002, it was seen that provisional costs of the courses that were offered in the universities has increased because of the pressure that came came from local and international institutions. The students that come from underprivileged backgrounds including the socioeconomic backgrounds are not regularly present for the higher education in the universities (Ostroff and Bowen 2016). The attribution level accounted to well over 30 percent because of these factors. The government had a model that was based on discipline where the places of distribution of the funds were allotted to the universities. The government also entitled the students to a variable rate for their learning, which ensured that the students would only pay for the course that they were pursuing to complete their higher education. The recommendations that were provided by the government were that the student funding was to replace the old gr ants that were present with respect to teaching and learning with the new Commonwealth Grant Scheme (CGS) system. The contribution by the student was increased by 30 percent except for those who were pursuing the nursing and the teaching as profession. The government would also fund the Higher Education Equity Program (Su, Wright and Ulrich 2015). Unions- The education union that is present in Australia is licensed under the Fair Work Act 2009. It acts as a representative body for the employees who are working in the various schools and the universities. According to a survey that was conducted in the Queensland area, it was seen that the loss of the teachers led to a loss in the expertise, shortages of teachers and an increase in the partial wastage of investment (Adriaenssen, Johannessen and Saetersdal 2016). The globalization, modernization and the technological impacts faced challenges in the societies due to the post-industrial and knowledge-based foundations. This posed a great threat on meeting the daily challenges that the higher education sector faced in the recent times. To prevent this in the future, proper workforce planning is required across all the jurisdictions. This has to be done with the help of introducing minimum entry requirements in the academic standards (Budhwar and Debrah 2013). Labor Markets- Although there have been structural reforms in the last few decades, it is seen that Australia is in need of a higher education system that can adapt to the modern society and the challenges that it faces in the economy globally. The government has committed to make the higher education system better so that it can meet the future needs of the students (Bondarouk and Brewster 2016). One of the major factors that will help in reshaping the education system is to make the funding of labor based on demand and enrolment system needs to be implemented. One of the major needs is to identify the skills that are required to pursue in the higher education market. It is seen that the average age of the persons are between 25-29 years that have proper degree qualification and is eligible to continue in the education system. It was seen that the growth of jobs in Australia increased by 31.5 percent in between 2000 and 2009 (Buller and McEvoy 2016). Industry Characteristics- The scope and nature of the various universities that are present in Australia has to be studied critically for the process that is used in the strategic human resource management structural development. Most of the universities in the country are growing at a faster rate, which has increased the rate of competitive factor between each other. The flexibility in the prices under the best conditions has enabled the universities to gain access to the different funds that are present in the country for the future (Kaufman 2015). It needs to see that there is maintenance in the balance between price and the flexibility with respect to equity. This will help in critically evaluating the social and economical agenda. From these factors, it can be seen that over the next fifteen years Australia will become a dominating character with respect to universities. The public universities need to be related to the current model that is being used in the institution along w ith the strategies that they follow within the organization. The models need to address the issues that are based on the student segment and the type of services that they would require. The marketing channels in the universities needs to be supported by the value chain system (Hauff, Alewell and Katrin Hansen 2016). The laws and regulations of the university states that any federal matter that arises within the university can be solved in the court while the other issues need to be solved within the campus. This will help in maintaining a strong bond in the university. The culture in the university is that the foreign students get help from the faculty members in all means so that they can become fully equipped with the norms in the campus. There is strict regulatory body that looks after the ragging part inside the campus. If anyone is found guilty of it, then they are subjected to the decisions that will be taken by the higher authorities. From the political point of view, the university is entitled to receive grants from the government, which help the organization to expand its infrastructure and support the educational system. The union that is present in the organization is strong that helps in the retention of the employees and the faculty members. The salaries that they receive are in acc ordance to the job that they do in the organization. The organization conducts various workshops that help the labors to increase its productivity level. This ensures that the work is carried out in an efficient manner in the organization. The industrial characteristics of the organization are very strong as it is one of the topmost universities in Australia. This is due to the planned resource and the knowledge-based learning that is present in its premises. This has helped in spreading the knowledge that is imparted in the organization to various parts of the country (DeNisi and Smith 2014). Main functions of HR: Planning is one of the first phases in the employment cycle, which helps in calculating the number of employees that are available in the market and the number that is required to achieve the future demands of the organization. The planning has to be in line with the strategies that are adopted by the organization. One of the basic strategies for all organizations is to increase their profits, which can only be achieved by reducing the operational costs within the organization (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). The HR has to foresee the future demands of the organization and hire employees accordingly. If this is not done properly, then it may lead to a number of employees being available on the payroll of the organization. If there is an excess in supply of employees that what is demanded by the organization, the HR needs to reduce the number of employees. Therefore, it is important that human resource planning is related to the business strategies of the organization for it to succeed in the future. The technological changes and the rate of economy globally is increasing on a faster pace, which needs to be adopted by the organization for it to survive in the market. Thus, planning is the first phase of the employment cycle, which determines the number of employees that are requires along with the skills, experience and knowledge of the employees and the classification of the employees in to various departments in the organization (Fee 2014). Recruitment helps the organization in finding the suitable employees through proper advertisements, word of mouth and the various employment agencies. It helps the organization to recruit staffs so that it can meet the specific targets. The method of recruitment process is mainly of two types such as internal and external (Wilton 2016). Internal recruitment is the process through which the employees that are currently present in the organization applies for any available positions within the organization. This kind of recruitment happens when there an employee is promoted and it acts as a motivational factor for the current employees. This happens when the organization is big in size and there is a scope for this recruitment. The internal recruitment process helps an organization to develop the skills of the existing employees. This allows the organization to lower its cost in the recruitment process and helps the organization in replacing the vacant position with an employee who is familiar with the operations. Another way in this recruitment process is by using the referral scheme, where some of the employees are identified and are referred to the higher authorities by the existing employees (Storey 2014). External recruitment is the process where the suitable candidates apply for the job from outside the organization. An organization will use this process when they are in need of different attitudes and ideas. This process is usually done when the organization is large and there are various positions that are available within the organization. The organization also needs to identify the particular labor force that is present in the current location. This will help them in maximizing their use of resources that is available locally (Aswathappa 2013). The HR department does selection of the employees in the organization and it is one of the most important tasks for them. This helps in screening and the sifting the employees according to their knowledge and skills so that they remain productive in the workplace. Interviews and various tests that are conducted on the employees are all a part of the selection process. Selection of the employees is an expensive procedure because effort and quality time has to be invested. Sometimes the selection of the employees may be of poor quality, which may lead to increase in the cost of training and the productivity level of the organization may be low (Tyson 2014). While selecting the employees for the suitable position in the organization, certain options needs to be taken in to account by the HR of the organization. Some of the useful tools in the selection process can be the application form where the employees provide background of themselves, which helps the organization in understanding the needs of the candidates. Another tool can be the various tests that are conducted, which are written and practical in nature. It helps in understanding the intelligence and the abilities of the employees. Interviews are a common medium, which is used in the process of selection. These interview rounds need to have a structure and the questions needs to consistent and common in nature. This helps the organization in knowing the potential candidates better and the suitable positions that they deserve in the organization (Stredwick 2013). The remuneration is the financial statement that the employees receive for the service that they render within the organization. The mode of payments for the employees is in the form of wages and salary. Wages are the rate of payment that is paid to the employees on an hourly or weekly basis. Remuneration helps in increasing the productivity and the efficiency of the employees and keeps them loyal and committed towards the organization for the services they are rendering (Purce 2014). The payment that is made to the employees needs to be fair and appropriate, which will help in motivating the employees that in turn will help in lowering the absent rates of the employees. Remuneration acts as a part in motivating the employees but attracts and ensures that the employees are retained in the organization. Most of the organizations in the current scenario reward their employee who achieve more than the target that was set to them these rewards are done so that the employees remain in the organization and remains motivated (Hauff, Alewell and Katrin Hansen 2016). The extra payment that is made to the employees can be of different types such as giving them financial benefits such as incentives, commissions, bonuses and some allowances when they are able to meet the specific target. Some other rewards that the organization gives are the use of a company car, extra period of holidays, personal laptops so that they can perform the duties whenever it is required for the organization (Fee 2014). Training and development of the employees help in upgrading the abilities and the skills of the employees. These are necessary because it will help in the growth of the organization and the employees will have personal development with the training that they will receive. It is important to give training to the new employees, as it will help them in gaining knowledge about the task they will be performing within the organization. The existing employees also receive training process, which helps them in developing their skills. Training helps in bringing changes in the skills, knowledge and the attitudes of the employees, which will help in enhancing the performance levels of the employees. It is seen that many organizations do not allot a period for the proper training of the employees, which is a drawback for the organization, as the productivity levels of the employees remain poor (Aswathappa 2013). When a proper training is provided by the organization, it not only increases the s kill set of the employees but also helps the organization in gaining a competitive advantage over other firms. There are various forms of training such as off-the-job training, which can be done through various classroom programs, on-the-job training where the organizations provide the training facility within the workplace through proper coaching and job rotations. The other two types of training are action learning, which is done by making the employees solve the problems that are present in the work environment and competency-based training helps in identifying the strengths that the employees possess and helps them in developing it (Wilton 2016). In an effective organization, rewards and recognition program helps in attracting, retaining, and motivating the employees. It helps the employees to get acknowledged and stand out amongst his peers. These acknowledgements may include bonuses for the employees who have rendered better service within the organization. These facilities help in putting the strategies of the organization in a better way, which will help in changing and supporting the values that are present in the corporate. The rewards can be non-financial or financial and extrinsic or intrinsic in value. Extrinsic rewards are the ones that are provided by the organization outside the nature of the job such as incentives in financial benefits and work schedule flexibility under the non-financial benefits. Intrinsic rewards are those kinds through which the employees gain from the job that they are assigned such as the sense of achieving the target (Storey 2014). The HR department of the university works efficiently so that it meets all the requirements and helps the organization by supplying the best employees who are committed to their work. The planning is done in such a way so that the vacant positions are filled in with the appropriate employees, which will help in achieving the productivity level of the organization easily. The recruitment process is based on interviews and various aptitude tests that help in selecting the suitable employees for the job. This helps the organization, as the employees that are selected in the process are usually capable of handling the issues that arises in the university. The university has a training period of ten days for the new employees, which helps them in acquiring the knowledge that is needed to carry out the responsibilities in the university premises. The HR department of the university meticulously plans the remuneration that is seen appropriate for the employees, which helps in retaining the employees. The employees receive the remuneration according to the positions they have in the university. There are various rewards for the employees, which helps them to be motivated in the workplace (Marler and Fisher 2013). Reference List Adriaenssen, D.J., Johannessen, J.A. and Stersdal, H., 2016. How can we improve the effectiveness of HRM strategy? A model for future research. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Aswathappa, K., 2013.Human resource management: Text and cases. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Bondarouk, T. and Brewster, C., 2016. Conceptualising the future of HRM and technology research.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,27(21), pp.2652-2671. Budhwar, P.S. and Debrah, Y.A. eds., 2013.Human resource management in developing countries. Routledge. Buller, P.F. and McEvoy, G.M., 2016. A Model for Implementing a Sustainability Strategy through HRM Practices.Business and Society Review,121(4), pp.465-495. Chuang, C.H., Jackson, S.E. and Jiang, Y., 2016. Can knowledge-intensive teamwork be managed? Examining the roles of HRM systems, leadership, and tacit knowledge.Journal of management,42(2), pp.524-554. DeNisi, A. and Smith, C.E., 2014. Performance appraisal, performance management, and firm-level performance: a review, a proposed model, and new directions for future research.Academy of Management Annals,8(1), pp.127-179. Fee, M.C., 2014. Human resources management. Hauff, S., Alewell, D. and Hansen, N.K., 2014. HRM systems between control and commitment: Occurrence, characteristics and effects on HRM outcomes and firm performance.Human Resource Management Journal,24(4), pp.424-441. Hauff, S., Alewell, D. and Katrin Hansen, N., 2016. HRM System Strength and HRM Target AchievementToward a Broader Understanding of HRM Processes.Human Resource Management. Kaufman, B.E., 2015. Market competition, HRM, and firm performance: The conventional paradigm critiqued and reformulated.Human Resource Management Review,25(1), pp.107-125. Marler, J.H. and Fisher, S.L., 2013. An evidence-based review of e-HRM and strategic human resource management.Human Resource Management Review,23(1), pp.18-36. Ostroff, C. and Bowen, D.E., 2016. Reflections on the 2014 decade award: Is there strength in the construct of HR system strength?.Academy of Management Review,41(2), pp.196-214. Purce, J., 2014. The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals),67. Schuler, R. and E. Jackson, S., 2014. Human resource management and organizational effectiveness: yesterday and today.Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance,1(1), pp.35-55. Storey, J., 2014.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Stredwick, J., 2013.An introduction to human resource management. Routledge. Su, Z.X., Wright, P.M. and Ulrich, M.D., 2015. Going Beyond the SHRM Paradigm Examining Four Approaches to Governing Employees.Journal of Management, p.0149206315618011. Tyson, S., 2014.Essentials of human resource management. Routledge. UQ's Mission, Vision and Values, 2017. UQ's Mission, Vision and Values - About UQ - The University of Queensland, Australia. [online] Uq.edu.au. Available at: https://www.uq.edu.au/about/mission-statement [Accessed 29 Mar. 2017]. Veloso, A., Tzafrir, S. and Enosh, G., 2015. How employees perceive HRM practices: Differences between public and private organizations.Human resource management challenges and changes, pp.19-36. Wilton, N., 2016.An introduction to human resource management. Sage.

What Samuel Johnson Really Did free essay sample

Although the people who have made the dictionaries in the 17th century and the 18th century had released some dictionaries, Samuel Jackson’s dictionary which is called â€Å"Dictionary of the English language† which was published in 1755. His dictionary has made the standards for dictionaries in America and England. His dictionary also made a massive change and transform in language authority from grammarians (who study grammar and writes grammar books) into lexicographers (who write dictionaries). Dictionaries in the past in the 17th century considered as and unskillfully written list of definitions synonyms that were not pretty well-developed definitions to translate foreign languages such as the French and Latin languages. But the grammar texts contain many components of the words like the definitions, pronunciation, spelling, usage notes and entomology. The word â€Å"codification† refers to the style and process. By which the language had made these methods followed by the creation and the use of language guides, the grammar textbook, style, and dictionaries. We will write a custom essay sample on What Samuel Johnson Really Did or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is very important to know that â€Å"Codification† continues the process. The most important thing in the codification of English was in the 18th century. It was specialized with the publication of 100’s of dictionary and grammar. This contains dictionaries like Samuel Johnson’s monumental dictionary in 1755.The English language dictionary is published on the 15th of April 1755, written by Samuel Johnson. The dictionary was sometimes called â€Å"Johnson’s dictionary† it’s one of the most effective or influential dictionaries in the history of ‘English language’. But there was discontent with the dictionaries of the time. So a group of London booksellers in June 1746 made a deal with Johnson to write a dictionary for money of 1500 â€Å"Guineas† it was their money at that time. It equals to 220 thousand pounds, in 2017. It took him a time of seven years to complete the dictionary although he said he can finish it in 3 years. And remarkably, he did it by himself with only clerical help to copy out the illustrative quotation that he had highlighted in books. He made many revised editions during his life career. Until the completion of â€Å"Oxford English dictionary† one hundred seventy-three years later, Jonson’s dictionary was viewed as the surpassing English dictionary. â€Å"The dictionary easily ranks as one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship, and probably the greatest ever performed by one individual who labored under anything like the disadvantages in a comparable length of time (Jackson, W. 1977).

Anna Karenina Part 2 Ch. 3 Essays - English-language Films

Anna Karenina Part 2 Ch. 3 Anna Karenina Part 2 Ch. 3 In part two chapter three, Kitty's broken heart causes her health to decline. There is a moment in this part of the story that Tolstoy adds to show that money and social status should not be the reasons for marriage. Kitty realizes this when she finds out about Anna and Vronsky. Kitty has something that sets her apart from the other women in her family, pride. Her pride makes her different from her sisters and her mother in that she does not want to marry someone that she does not love and vice versa. What she says tells the reader that she will not put up with adultery. This particular moment occurs between Kitty and her sister Dolly while they are having a conversation about what is making her ill and how she should be cured. The moment begins when Darya Alexandrovna brings up Levin's name, ?The mention of Levin's name seemed to deprive Kitty of the last vestige of self-control. She leaped up from her chair, and flinging her clasp on the ground, she gesticulated rapidly with her hands and said: ?why bring Levin in too? I can't understand what you want to torment me for. I've told you, and I say it again, that I have some pride, and never, NEVER would I do as you're doing - go back to a man who's deceived you, who has cared for another woman. I can't understand it! You may, but I can't!? When Kitty says this she hurts her sister, but Dolly probably understands and agrees with what her sister is saying. In this scene she speaks of having pride and says that she could never go back to someone who has betrayed her. This shows that she is destined to be different than the rest of the women in her family and society also. She sees what her sister is going through with her cheating husband and the humiliation that she must suffer because of him. When she says ?I have some pride,? she is telling her sister that she will not put herself in the position to have to endure the humiliation that she has. This makes Kitty a stronger person than most characters in the book. She knows whom she should marry according to society and her mother, but she will not go through with it if it means living like Dolly. This is also the moment at which she realizes that she has made a colossal mistake in turning down Levin's marriage proposal. The last thing she needed to be reminded of in this instant was that she has turned away from someone who loves her beyond words and who is also someone that she cared deeply about. We know she cannot bear the thought of this when Tolstoy says, ?The mention of Levin's name seemed to deprive Kitty of the last vestige of self-control.? She probably feels that Levin may not want her anymore and that her chance of happiness has been lost because of her misjudgment of Vronsky's character. Little does she know that because of her pride she will have a happy, adultery-free marriage in the end. One may see this minor moment as merely a poor young girl trying to overcome a broken heart, but it has much more meaning than that. This is a moment in which the youngest of three sisters refuses to lead her life as the women of her family in the past have. Their way of life is to marry whomever your parents and society sees fit, regardless of the absence of love. Kitty has feelings for both Vronsky and Levin and at first chooses Vronsky because of reasons that were instilled in her by the women in her society. She knows that Levin genuinely loves her and it breaks her heart to break his heart but she feels it is her ?duty? to marry someone like Vronsky. In Part one chapter 15, after she has refused Levin's proposal, she contents herself only by thinking of Vronsky, ?She vividly pictured to herself that strong manly face, that well-bred calm and the kindness toward everybody he always showed.? Kitty doesn't realize at this

Free Essays on Yoga

1.) The first of the eight limbs of yoga is Yama (restraints), Ahisma: nonviolence, Satya: commitment to truth , Asteya: non-stealing, and Bramacharya: redirecting sexual energy. The second part of the limbs is Niyama (observances), Shauca: purity, Santosha: contentment, Tapas: discipline, enthusiasm, Svadhaya: scriptural/literal study, and Ishvarapranidhanad: surrender. The third limb is Asana, which are the postures. Fourth is Pranayama, which is breath control or control of life force. Fifth is Pratyahara, the withdrawing from the mind from sense of perception. Sixth is Dharana (concentration). Seventh is Dhyana, which is meditation. The eighth and final one is Samadhi, the superconsciousness. For the time being, I intend to practice asana because I find it easier to focus on the physical benefits that the asanas provide. If I said that I practice yoga rather than asana I would be wrong because to practice yoga fully, I feel that I would have to have a better understanding of yoga philosophy and breathing techniques. When I am in my postures, I still find it hard to breath in a slow controlled way; especially when I’m in a challenging pose. 2.) The Yamas are Ahisma, Satya, Asteya, and Bramacharya. Ahisma is non-violence, kindness and no harm in your action. There should be awareness or gentleness in our actions, thought and speech. Satya is the commitment to truth in our speech, thoughts and deeds. Asteya is non-stealing, not coveting, not being jealous. Bramacharya is moderation in all things, channeling emotions, self-containment and control of sensual feelings. The Niyamas are Shaucha, Santosha, Tapas, Svadhaya and Ishvarapranidhanad. Shaucha is purity of body, cleanliness, good health habits and an orderly environment. Santosha is contentment, accepting what is and making the best out of everything. Tapas is the willingness to do what is necessary to reach a goal with discipline. Svadhaya is self-education, studying, refle... Free Essays on Yoga Free Essays on Yoga 1.) The first of the eight limbs of yoga is Yama (restraints), Ahisma: nonviolence, Satya: commitment to truth , Asteya: non-stealing, and Bramacharya: redirecting sexual energy. The second part of the limbs is Niyama (observances), Shauca: purity, Santosha: contentment, Tapas: discipline, enthusiasm, Svadhaya: scriptural/literal study, and Ishvarapranidhanad: surrender. The third limb is Asana, which are the postures. Fourth is Pranayama, which is breath control or control of life force. Fifth is Pratyahara, the withdrawing from the mind from sense of perception. Sixth is Dharana (concentration). Seventh is Dhyana, which is meditation. The eighth and final one is Samadhi, the superconsciousness. For the time being, I intend to practice asana because I find it easier to focus on the physical benefits that the asanas provide. If I said that I practice yoga rather than asana I would be wrong because to practice yoga fully, I feel that I would have to have a better understanding of yoga philosophy and breathing techniques. When I am in my postures, I still find it hard to breath in a slow controlled way; especially when I’m in a challenging pose. 2.) The Yamas are Ahisma, Satya, Asteya, and Bramacharya. Ahisma is non-violence, kindness and no harm in your action. There should be awareness or gentleness in our actions, thought and speech. Satya is the commitment to truth in our speech, thoughts and deeds. Asteya is non-stealing, not coveting, not being jealous. Bramacharya is moderation in all things, channeling emotions, self-containment and control of sensual feelings. The Niyamas are Shaucha, Santosha, Tapas, Svadhaya and Ishvarapranidhanad. Shaucha is purity of body, cleanliness, good health habits and an orderly environment. Santosha is contentment, accepting what is and making the best out of everything. Tapas is the willingness to do what is necessary to reach a goal with discipline. Svadhaya is self-education, studying, refle...

The Royal Prerogative is a feature of the UK Constitution in need of Essay

The Royal Prerogative is a feature of the UK Constitution in need of radical reform - Essay Example Analysis The exercise of the royal prerogative powers has been curtailed. These days, there has been clear demarcation of powers that has been have been delegated to both the prime minister and the crown, though much of these powers are exercisable by the prime minster. However, leaving bit of these powers in the hands of the crown has little or no effect, to such an extent that it does not make sense having these powers vested in the crown1. It is important for the people of the United Kingdom to realize that times have changed, and circumstances are different. The needs that led to bestowing such powers to the crown have now become non-existent. This leaves the royalty as a toothless bulldog that can no longer bite. In order for the United Kingdom to fully deliberate itself from the shackles of history, the royalty’s expansive powers should be fully relegated to parliament and only act as a ceremonial organ2. The monarch’s constitutional presence should no longer be a reason for debate among the intellectuals. The independence of the judiciary is achieved by ensuring that the judiciary does not act as a mouth piece of the executive. In the past, the exercise of such powers has failed to reflect the wishes of the larger interest of the people of United Kingdom, rather has been used as a tool for the monarchy to meet its personal ends3. The judiciary, on the other hand was ripped off its independences it could not question the exercise of such powers of the royalty. These tainted and undermined the performance of the judiciary. Thus, the judiciary should be guaranteed protection from the crown in order to be act without fear or favour4. The power to deal in matters of foreign affairs should be retrieved from the hands of the crown and be left with the legislature , who are in a better position to enact laws that protects the sovereignty of the united kingdom and its people and to also promote the good neighbourliness with other countries. It also advocates for better and efficient interdependence, in cases where the countries involved come in to form a major economic block5. Historically, the legislature was also at the hands of the crown and has not fully barred the monarch from exercising these powers as she still has the sole mandate to appoint the prime minster6. This greatly affects the powers and functions of the prime minster, as he or she has to act in bias, of the crown who appointed him. The prime minister then becomes a puppet for the monarch to act according to the whims of the monarch. The result is that the entire legislature is tailored to meet the desires of the crown at the expense of the interest of the citizens of the United Kingdom7. The legislature should therefore be freed from the chains of the crown, and equipping it through laws, to be able to run its affairs and make its appointment without any interference from the monarch. The bills that also come before parliament will be focusing on the larger i nterest of the people of the United Kingdom rather than a smaller minority which is the crown8. The ancient practice invoking the United Kingdom to be ruled according to divine rights of kings has caused the United Kingdom to lag behind from attaining democracy for its people. The prerogative power of the monarch has often been

Modern business environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Modern business environment - Essay Example Diversity has thus to be absorbed within the areas of recruitment , legislation and brand equity. Many academics and business professionals have insisted that many that many organizations fail to perceive the relationship between diversity and performance and diversity issues should now be incorporated into the employee training routine. The advantages of diversity cannot be emphasised upon enough because a well planned diversity initiative can bring many positive results to an organization like improved recruiting and retention. A well planned diversity initiative will focus on the core competencies which should underline the diversity initiative. Diversity management thus has to focus upon gaining the knowledge and abilities through its labour force to enable the organization to meet its long time objectives. Diversity would thus also ensure that instead of a bored "affirmative action" plan there is an emphasis on recruitment of the most qualified people, and continuing professional development of the current employees. 2-The text talks about how the Internet has "revolutionized recruitment practice" (Cascio, 2006). Discuss some of the advantages the Internet has provided regarding recruiting. Next, turn to the darker side of the Internet's impact on recruiting and discuss some of the disadvantages/problems with using the Internet as a primary tool in recruiting (20 pts). Internet is famously known as "the network of networks" and has enormously impacted every facet of the society particularly the perception of job applications and work performance. The modern employee is no longer bound to apply through newspaper Advertisements and Xerox a bundle of documents for each application. The modern recruiter has his cell phone, lap top, palm pilot, and of course the Internet and email at his disposal to look for the best. Recruitment Services use on-line screening, and web-based hiring initiatives like the popular Monster Job search and Bright Spyre.This has led to a heavy reliance on online recruitment and manual systems are already out of the way as Recruiters are able to post job openings and job seekers can apply with electronic copies of their resumes. This is very advantageous because Applicants can be screened quickly and efficiently for their skills, abilities and work history Internet will allow the recruiter to conduct key-word searches and quickly cross reference resume information with their specific requirements. The modern candidate is able to apply from the comfort of his own house and find out about his chances of employment in good time. Online recruiting has its cost effectiveness as it cuts down postage fees for the applicant as well as the costs of the recruiter. Newspaper based advertisements can be very expensive and can not be available for more than a few days. The internet gives a chance for global/universal access to people from all walks of life and diverse and a chance to access jobs and resources beyond geographical boundaries with electronic applications. Online recruiting

Study case (Information Resources Management) Essay - 5

Study case (Information Resources Management) - Essay Example The two should start with a baseline understanding of all the items of IT that the company spends its money. After identification, they should focus on helping the company develop strategies that will help focus on the highest value spending from the standpoint of supporting the business units (Rabin 202). The process will involve an understanding of the IT’s contribution to the business units that posed as intermittent and contentious in the past. They should aim at creating a process to start a dialogue between IT and the business units. The CIO should ask the consultant to help him in analysis of the portfolio and budgeting, provision of discipline and structure that enables him to sort through and get to the business cases for IT spending (Law 307). The CIO should develop insights that will enable the business leaders and the IT management to put up processes that will lead to IT priority agreements. It will also enable the process of creation of a detailed, pragmatic and dynamic view of key IT initiatives and objectives (Rabin 203). The CIO should initiate strategies that will lead to development of clear, business-focused, and flexible action plans. The CIO and the IT experts should device ways that will educate the business-unit leaders as to how IT could be directly integrated into their business plans and become a key enabler to achieve results. Apart from reviewing the effectiveness of the company’s global IT budget, the CIO should also consider the elements of the strategic plan and device ways to ef fectively implement the resolutions (Rabin 204). One of the executive level decisions that can be made in order to influence the directions of the company is developing a CIO authority and pulling the CEO to support the authority based on consultant documentation (Law 309). Decision-making is the core of all business activities. The executives should set strategies and weigh a variety of factors to arrive at the desired balance of risk

Comparison of Chinese and Western Advertising

Comparison of Chinese and Western Advertising Advertising is not only an economic phenomenon, but also a cultural phenomenon, which is a kaleidoscope, the reflection of social culture. Linguists Wallace called the ads as the most culturally characterized social language among all the discourses. Culture is a compound entirety, and every community has its own unique culture. And language is an important part of culture, which mirrors the history and cultural background of a country, as well as contains the nations life style and thinking style. That is to say, the development of language has accumulated abundant culture, the writing of which reflects the most profound connotation of culture. Thus, as a part of language, inevitably, advertisement language can be influenced by culture. This thesis researches into the cultural differences between China and western countries reflected in advertising language, in order to make communication between China and western counties much easier. [Key Words] Advertisement; Cultural Differences; Values; National Trait I. Introduction In the age of information, advertising has become an important source of information for modern life. With the globalization of the economy, advertising is becoming a worldwide commercial activity nowadays. As different kinds of culture conflicted with each other, any commercial advertising can not only operate in the information conveying commodities, but also have a mission of cultural dissemination. Different cultural backgrounds, different values breed different advertising creativity. The study is attempted to explore the cultural differences between China and western countries through various examples, with the purpose of getting better understanding of the developing trend of advertising both at home and abroad. Language is the mirror and reflection of culture. As a special kind of expression of language, advertisement, with no doubt, cant be separated from language. Therefore, it was born with a deep print of culture inevitably. As for the cultural differences, a number of scholars have tried to explain it in different aspects. In the past on the study of cultural differences in advertising, people tended to pick the perspective of linguistics, focusing on the vocabulary, syntax and rhetoric identity, but it is not limited to language but rather a cultural phenomenon. Many academics are trying to explore cultural differences in advertisement between China and western countries. The Dutch scholar G Hofstede who took three dimensions to analyze East-West cultural differences: individualism and collectivism self-reference and ethnocentricity, color signs and symbols, were more successful. Many Chinese scholars also did some research from a variety of angles in this area, such as Niu Xiaojuan, Xu Dezhen and so on. On the basis of the formers, the author collected a large number of materials, trying to discuss cultural differences in advertisement between China and western countries. Advertisement is part of culture. Culture includes philosophy, thinking, behavior, cultural psychology, ethics, customs, traditions and religious beliefs of history, and so on. The author have read a lot of books and collected a large number of materials concerning this study. Herein the author only chooses some aspects of culture to analyze and explore the differences between China and western countries. II. Definitions of Culture Advertisement 2.1 Culture Culture, a hot issue at home and abroad, is a very complicated, multidimensional, and nonrepresentational subject. According to the definition from The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (Crystal, 1997: 784), culture is the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief and behavior. Culture defined consists of language, ideas, customs, beliefs, institutions, tools, techniques, taboos, and works of art, rituals, ceremonies, and other related components. And Hurford (1987: 315) defines culture as the most general concept to describe the behavior of human being and history. It refers to many items at different levels of generality: ideas, values, emotions, actions, tendencies and accumulations. In fact, although there are hundreds of definitions of culture, anthropologists agree that the learned ways of behaving and adapting are included in the culture, as contrasted to carry on behavioral patterns of instincts. Social scientists divide culture into several groups like family, politics, economics, education and religion. Culture and language are connecting to each other. Culture can not be discussed without language used in it. According to Kirkpatrick (1995: 271-295), culture refers to The life way and its manifestations that are specifically to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression. Culture is an abstraction concept; it includes almost everything, no matter material or spiritual. Language is the expression of culture. Different languages have its different cultural meanings. It is limited to accept diversity culture, especially the spiritual scope. But Language is the most important foundation of the transfer of culture. One aspect is, as the basic part of culture, language carries culture, reflects culture, and develops culture. Another aspect is language is influenced by culture deeply in many aspects of our life. 2.2 Advertisement There are many definitions for advertisement; American Marketing Association defines advertising as the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by dandified sponsor through various media. With the development of technology and globalization, advertisement is run through into every aspect in various styles and becoming a rigueur part of our daily life. The advertisement is a commercial activity in the market economy for the image of enterprises and the brand of a product. The customers, as the audience of the advertisement, are edified by different cultural environment in their thoughts and consciousness. Advertising language, including advertising words and pictures, is a peculiar form of language, and the particularity determined its close bond with culture. Therefore the advertisement composers are inclined to design the ads on the basis of good understanding of the cultural characteristics and rack their brains to make the ads catering to the customers cultural psychology through language skills and fancy pictures. On the contrary, without fail, we could realize the cultural differences through varied advertisements. III. Cultural Differences in Advertisements between China and Western Counties Today, with the development of the technology and the spread of the mass media, advertising has a widely influence to our daily life. However, whatever promoting strategies advertising companies use, the language is the main carrier of the message. As Vestergaard Schroder (1985: 246) point out, advertising takes many forms, but in most of them language is of crucial importance. Advertising language is presented in a style that has immediate impact with the intent of rapid persuasion. In the world market, the translation of advertising language is essential for the effective transmission of advertising and thus the sale of products. However, before the translation is undertaken, having a good knowledge of both the similar and different characteristics of advertising language used in the West and in China is a must. In this section the author would like to talk about it in the following aspects. 3.1 Values Cultural values is a criterion that people judge the good and the bad, the beautiful and the ugly, the worthy and the unworthy, the clean and the dirty, the correct and the wrong, the kind and the cruel, the just and the unjust, the decent and the indecent and so on. Psychologist Henry Murray defined that value is the psychological reflection of basic demands, which should be changed by the real world. That is to say values are a kind of thought eager for something. In this section the author like to talk about it in the following aspects. 3.1.1 Individual vs. Collectivity Generally speaking, western culture encourages individual orientation that is more concerned about their own interests, as well as individual successes and achievements, and is self-centered, with emphasis on personal dignity, and encourages and praises those who have wealth to the challenges and difficulties of people. By comparison, the eastern nations show more hierarchical groups orientation and the orientation of the overall interests of nation and prominent family, with particular emphasis on finding family interests and family ethics and coordinating relations. Thus, the traditional Chinese culture recognizes the value of the individual, to a certain extent, from individuals and groups (family, religious and national) such cultural difference is a clear manifestation in advertising home and abroad. China is a large traditional agricultural social pattern, so it focuses on the Chinese cultural system collectivism, authoritative character. Chinese people have strong patriotic feelings, emphasizing national self-esteem, self-belief. The following examples are inclined to illustrate this view. Zhonghua toothpaste: à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ½Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã…“à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­ (Hu Zhongli, Zhu LijuanWang Yafei, 2007). 10 years of ups and downs, China forever in our hearts The ads not only show this brand enjoys years of popularity but also expresses that Chinese people love their motherland through the homophonic pun. The following examples are no exception to this rule. à §Ã‚ ¾Ã… ½Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ °Ãƒ §Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ± MeiLing refrigerator à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¾Ã… ½Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ± Chinese life, Chinese MeiLing à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¢ ChangHong Group Cooperation à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã…  Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¦- Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Å’Ã §Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ » ChangHong shoulder the mission of dedicating itself to the service of its motherland and nation prosperity. This not only reflects the growth of Chinas national industry is the reality, but also expresses peoples national pride and inspires love of national goods, contributing to the revitalization of the national industries. In the United Statesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’as a dominant social individualism, personal unique personality means the pursuit of his own words, behavior, thought and distinctiveness. Advertisement of American Opel car directly advertised product unique, highlighting their seeking personality traits. All cars are the same these days. Weve all heard this said. But not by anybody who knows about Opel. Coincidentally, an advertisement of Porsche sports car with a brilliant attractive picture of a red sports car running rapidly on the Highway, creates Lonely wolf image as luxury sport cars driving through a forest. There is no doubt that such advertising can meet management objectives, such as young consumers desire for self-expression, the pursuit of brilliant psychological cause. From the above examples, it is not difficult to see that self-expression, independent spirit and values of individuals struggling to be fully reflected in the advertising. 3.1.2 Love vs. Respect To some extent, love and respect are synonymy for they have much in common. By the respect love from, and love distillated to respect is a process of quantitative and qualitative change, but they cannot be the same. Respect is always from the lower to the upper while love is equal regardless of level and class. With traditional cultural influence of each own, Chinese advertisement is respect-oriented while western countries love-oriented. This is because in China, filial piety is a virtue. Chinese people deeply feel the responsibility of the family. Not only morally, but also legally, children have the obligation and responsibility of maintenance for the elderly. Filial piety is a faithful, honest basis. One Expression of filial piety is distinguishing elderly. Such values have been strengthened in advertising. Lets take a look at two medicine ads in China and abroad. Health Protection Yangshen in television advertising: On the Screen, the son acted by movie star Huang Rihua is worried about his fathers health, so he buys him today Yangshen which will probably benefit his physical condition. But probably as a result of little communication between the father and son, its a little difficult for the son to find the way to present Yangshen to his father. When the son is practicing father, I love you in his room, the father breaks in and looks at the son with surprise and misunderstanding. At this time, the son hands Yangshen over to his father and speaks out father, I love you, then we could see the tear in the fathers eyes. Adalat Oros advertisement of preventing cardiovascular medicine: a picture of a healthy elderly full of energy and spirit and together with his newly young married wife wearing her wedding dress in front of the church, his self-confidence and charming smile on his face. Advertising language is: He should live longer than he expected. Two commercials are both good advertising, but also illustrate different cultural foundation in Chinese and Western world. One is respect oriented, and the other love oriented. YangShen advertising today shows that in the Chinese family, child shows respect to his father at first, then the love. Commercials take full advantage of the Chinese culture; achieving an effect that Yangshen is not only just for health supply but a token to express love. Likewise, Adalat Oros is a kind of medicine. It takes the performance by using humor that two people with age gap get married, the advertisements feature mock language, relaxed and candidly conveying brand concept: Love for your health is treasure and cherish life! The high confidence from high-hold head of the young lady and the crafty smile of the old fellow clearly manifested the contest between love and life (Wang Chunmei, Wan YinongZhang Lei, 2006). 3.1.3 Authority vs. Freedom China has experienced a long history in the feudal society, as its mainstream culture, Confucianism has been widely influencing the lives of Chinese people, who have also formed a less thinking mode advocating moderation and upholding the authority. This is reflected in the life of the people, who will always take professional judgment and authority sector report as golden rule without any suspicion. Thus, Chinas advertising is always full of experts and recommends certification of authority sector. By comparison, the Western advertisers are more inclined to create an image for the brand, giving expression to the peoples desire for individuality and freedom. We could see the differences in the following advertisement. à ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å" à ©Ã…“ ² à ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ : à ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å"à ©Ã…“ ²Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å"à ¦Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã‹Å"à ¨Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦-â„ ¢Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã…’à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¦Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ´Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã‹Å"à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ £Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã… ¸Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã…’ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å"à ©Ã…“ ²Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸-à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¶Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ¡40à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…’ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¦Ã…  Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ §Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã…’à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¥Ã…’ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡(CSA )à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ½Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‹Å" ²Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…’ »Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡(CPMA)à ¦Ã… ½Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã…’à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ The company selected high quality tooth-cleaning materials, fully in line with national standards. This toothpaste does not wear the teeth, but makes it clean and glossy. It has been recognized by more than 40 Dental Associations in the world and more Chinese experts choose this brand. CSA and CPMA recommend the brand. Safeguard, a brand of fancy soap, also takes the print of Chinese Medical Association as an attractive point. In the western advertisement, seldom do we find the reorganization of authority. As for the westerners, freedom and individualism is much more important. Nike Just do it Marlboro Come to where the flavor is Come to Marlboro Country (Han Ping, 2005). Marlboro is a name of cigarette. Here Marlboro Country refers to the people who smoke this kind of cigarette which makes people forget their manual processes, thus there is a yearning for freedom to return to the nature. Flavor has two meanings here. One is the unique taste; the other is the special dress and grace of the smoker. Marlboro man represents the most successful, most influential brand image in the century. He is dressed in jeans, riding a tall courser, with a cigarette in his mouth and blue sky as background. All this is a symbol of pizzazz, and freedom, which many young men pursue. Commercial advertisers take this image serving as a foil to the passionate, adventurous, exciting and free life which people are yearning and pursuing. Because this advertisement fully satisfies the westerners expectation for freedom, Marlboro receives an agreeable and delectable return. 3.1.4 Contribution vs. Enjoyment China is a large agricultural social pattern; the Chinese put much stress on collectivism, authoritative character, submitting to nature. The advertisement reflected the characteristics of Chinese culture. à ¥Ã‚ Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ §Ã‚ Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¨Ã… ¡Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¨,à ©Ã‚ »Ã‹Å"à ©Ã‚ »Ã‹Å"à ¦-  Ãƒ ¨Ã… ¡Ã…  Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ §Ã…’ ® (Hua Li mosquito killer) Hua Li mosquito killer makes the world no mosquitoes. This arouses resonance in the minds of consumers. As for the westerners, they have a tendency of enjoyment. There is a popular saying in the USA: Work hard, and enjoy yourself. An important concept of Americans working is separating work hours and leisure time. In their view, the work is no doubt important, but entertainment and relaxation is the best way to improve efficiency. The following ads are the best certification. Enjoy absolute Vodka, enjoy life, it deserves you. (Vodka) Just for the taste of it. (Coca Cola) Be youngà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’have fun, drink PEPSI. Take time to indulgeà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ NES Ice creamà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °These advertisements demonstrate the consumers concept: enjoy life, seek for abundant consumption, and possession of pleasing products. 3.2 National Trait Every country has its own nation trait, according to these nation traits; we mean the qualities, characteristics, tendencies, values, moral principles and beliefs. All of them are a part of culture. Here, the author from three aspects respective to illustrate and exhibit the cultural differences. 3.2.1 Traditional vs. Newfangled Chinese people love jubilant scenes, love to listen to auspicious words. A lot of the advertising language starting from the basic mass psychology fully reflects radiant spare atmosphere. For example: à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¨Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¼, à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ We wont accept presents this festival except Naobaijin (A kind of health protection food) On the screen, the family, including old and young, with cheerful expression, shows the harmony and happiness. à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡, à ¦Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡(Instant Noodle Advertisement) (Much happiness, much satisfaction) à ¥Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ºÃ…“à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ «Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¦Ã†â€™Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶(Wine Advertisement) (Kongfu family wine reminds people of home) All in all, most advertisements of wine and food have an obvious Chinese characteristic, and also embody the traditional character of à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¥-Å“Ã ¨Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¢(auspicious words in China). Western culture encourages people to develop innovation, self-advocacy, and liberalism, emphasizing individuality, personal values, particularly advocating individual, equality, competition and frank vocal, active participation and self-affirmation of the export-oriented character. Reflected in the words in the language of advertising, it shows a personalized curriculum and creates something unconventional. The following is an ad for Motorola. Baked, Drenched, Tested to the extreme. A Motorola cellular phone stands tough in the face of torture. Just ask Danielle Bel1, whose phone came back from the ashes of a threealarm fire. Motorola, the best- sellingà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’most preferred cellular phones in the world. This is a unique advertising idea; a picture of the Motorola mobile phone of deformation, there must be nothing but a big disaster. Clearly it will leave a lasting impression. Another ad for tyre: Even its footprint tells you its different (Han Ping, 2005). You will find everything unique and fresh in advertising language. 3.2.2 Implicative vs. Outright Different cultural backgrounds decide different expressions. Chinese people express affection, friendship and love with implicit personality in the advertising language. à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ ´-à ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ £Ãƒ §Ã‚ ²Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ…  : A Little girl used Diaopai washing powder to wash clothes while her mother went out to find job. And she left a note: Mum, I can help you with housework. This love for Mum touched all the people who watched it. à ¥- Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ »-à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ½Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ (Health Products Advertisement) (Xu Dezhen, 2003). The advertisement expressed the implicative and self-evident affection between wife and husband. But in western countries the expression of affection is very explicit. For instanceà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Take the phone to pass your loveà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ The originality is that the daughter from thousands of miles away called her parents, who were having their dinner, and said: I love you. There is another advertisement on TOYOTA: I love what you do for me (Xu Dezhen, 2003). The open-and-shut character fully revealed its candor. 3.2.3 Conservative vs. Extroverted Chinese and western culture has differences in orientation and understanding on sex. Our advertising regulations specifically prohibit a picture of temptation and seduction or sexual content. Even if it is necessary to involve related content, it will become implicit and hidden. Owing to the relatively conservative nature of the concept, many perfume and cosmetics advertisements stress implicitness. For instance: à ¤Ã‚ »Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ « This year you are 20, next year 18. (Baili Soap) (Xu Dezhen, 2003). à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¥Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¾Ã… ½ Keep young, keep charming. (Cosmetics advertisement) à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ §-ËÅ"à §-ËÅ"à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ §Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  ! Pox disappears. (Cosmetics advertisement) But in the western countriesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’advertisement concerning sex can be found everywhere, and the exposed beautiful women is common. An ad for Charlie perfume: The generous, sexy-young fragrance. By Revlon (Wu Keming, 1999: 178). Close-up toothpaste: Your perfume turns him on. Will your breath turn him off? Such an advertisement is not allowed in China, but it seems that the Western advertisement composers take delight in it. 3.3 Thinking Mode Thinking is an important part, highest rally, main designer and commitment of human culture. In other words, thinking is the underlying essence of human cultural phenomenon. Thinking can be divided into two basic types: intuitive thinking and logical thinking. Chinese advertisements focus on intuitive thinking while the westerners stress logical thinking. The advertisement witnessed the different thinking modes in China and West. Take telecom advertisement as an illustration. In order to express the concept of Telecom communicates, heart communicates, Chinese telecom spares no efforts in five different dribs and drabs in daily life: Communication is solicitude (father and son); Communication is love (mine worker date); Communication is share (quarrel between couple); Communication is understood (father and son); Communication is respect (teacher and student). Directly, it tells the customers that telecom can shorten distance between people and make communication convenient without space limitation but intendment and true feelings (Xu Dezhen, 2003). China telecom spends so much time, only in hope of passing the concept clearly and directly. Its not difficult for us to realize the thinking way of the originality is intuitive thinking. It not only tallies with the Chinese traditional thinking way but suits the cultural habit of the audiences. And the same is telecommunications advertising. The United States ingeniously introduced only one life detail: Yawnin g. A man walking on the street has a causal yawn, a woman not far follows him another yawn, and then one elderly is also infected with a yawn. And what even more interesting is the pet doggie accompanying them with yawning. At the sight of this picture, at first, I didnt realize what it wants to appeal for at the very moment. Just then the words hit the mark with a single comment: Communicating is very simple. This is a perfect advertising; I cant but admire the western logical ideation. Yawning is only a normal phenomenon, but the western advertisers tell the customers that communication is as easy as yawning. You can communicate with any one at any time if you are willing to. 3.4 Attitudes towards Animals, Numbers, and Plants People living in different cultures backgrounds may have their own different attitudes and thoughts towards animals, numbers, and plants. One culture may not mean the same in another. That is why the same words have different meaning in different countries. The differences caused by such words in advertising may be illustrated with the following examples. We all know that Chinese people often regard bats as a good luck because the Chinese character à ¨Ã‚ Ã‚   sounds the same as à §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  (meaning good fortune or blessing). Some Chinese legends say that when a bat lives 100 years, it turns white in color and hangs upside down from a tree, and eating that bat could bring person longevity. A red bat foretells even better luck for à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚   sounds exactly the same as à ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  (being supremely fortunate) (Hu Wenzhong, 2005). But in western cultures the translator must adapts their linguistic habit to the different attitude towards the animal, they do not think Bat is a good name, because bat is regarded as an extremely evil omen in much European folklore. So may be translations like Fortunes better. Sometimes numbers can lead to a variety of associations. Common speaking, every culture has some numbers. It is believed to be either fortunate or sometimes sinister, However, that may sometimes different. Then we take the translation of 7-up for example, which is a brand of soft drink. Many English speaking countries deem that the number 7 is a very luck number for the peopleà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’while Chinese people dont think so. The meaning is different in Chinese eyes. According to the cultural difference, the translator is trying to make the same effect among the Chinese buyer. So they work out the name à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥-Å“. The name of it is very acceptable for the people because its first part à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã†â€™ is faithful to the brand name without transmitting any unfavorable meaning, and its second part à ¥-Å“transmit the meaning of happy and good luck, and so offset the loss of connotation in the number 7. Finally, plant words also have different meanings in different cultures. For example, the brand named à ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢, Chinese people think it means clean and honest. But to English people, the word narcissus means a self-loving person. So if these washing machines use such a brand name, cultural adaptation is necessary to western consumers. So the word Daffodil might be more suitable. In brief, using these types of words as brand names in a global market often means taking a risk. As we have said, the producers should be more careful when creating such brand names in advertising (Zhou Ruxin, 2004). Cultural conflict and difference is almost everywhere, even the exiguous part shouldnt be neglected. So it is a wise decision to take the above cultural element into consideration while bringing the products into world market. 3.5 Geographical Location Differences In cultures, the location may be regard as an important element. In languages, different locations have different languages cultures, and it can interpret differently in different cultures. For example, snow has become an indispensable part of Eskimos life. So they have a quite large vocabulary of different kinds of snow in their language. While people living in India can hardly imagine what is snow, what snow looks like. So there is no word for snow. There is another example: China has once produced a series of agricultural machines called à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…“à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½ because of the geographical location of China. Chinese people think that à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…“à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½ is a symbol of warmth which means good omen. In China, it means advantageous conditions as the Chinese à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¦Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…“à ©Ã‚ £Ã… ½ (Zhou Ruxin, 2004). But in western countries, east wind has totally different meaning. For them, their west wind is the same as our east wind. Therefore, though the brand name was put into East Wind, many people hold that the more proper name might be West Wind. IV. Conclusion Culture is the product of historical development of human beings. Advertising is the product of social and economic highly development. In modern society, advertising plays an increasingly heavy role. In a sense, the advertising impacts on our lives all aspects. It not only transmits product information to us, more transmit a kind of cultural awareness. As for the cultural differences, a number of scholars have tried to explain it in different aspects. In the past on the study of cultural differences in advertising, people tended to pick the perspective of linguistics, focusing on the vocabulary, syntax and rhetoric identity, but it is not limited to language but rather a cultural phenomenon. Advertisement , as a community cultural patterns, since its naissanceà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’embodies cultural uniqueness and nationality. On the basis of the formers, the author collected a large number of materials, trying to discuss cultural differences in advertisement between China and western countries. But cultural background of one nation, after all, has obstacle. In the contemporary world, with the development of globalization, no matter Chinese or Western advertising, cultural dialogue and cross-cultural communication is absolutely necessary to survive and make further development. Thus the advertisement both in China and west can win amalgamation. Boldly speaking, our purpose is to make the current advertisement to achieve a bourn of seeking common points while reserving difference, seeking uniqueness while together. This study attempts to provide some information for the advertisers through comparison between Chinese and Western advertisements in the process of international and int ercultural communication.

Global Awareness Essay Essay

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Seniors This date is a good time for seniors to make a final attempt at the ACT, as it offers ample time for your scores to get to your schools, even if you’re applying early action or early decision. You'll also have the entire summer to prepare for the test. This is especially important for seniors since it means you won’t need to juggle ACT prep with college applications.As a result, you'll feel less overwhelmed and less anxious about everything you need to do. PSAT Test Date: October , 2017 It's important to keep this date in mind when choosing an ACT test date.Apractice test for the SAT (not the ACT), the PSATserves two primary purposes: To prepare sophomores and juniors for the SAT To recognize high-scoring juniors (top 1%) as National Merit Semifinalists Despite the fact the SAT and ACT are two different tests, they share many similarities in content and structure. Therefore, taking the PSAT could give you a clearer sense of what kind of content you’ll need to know to do well on the ACT. Don't be scared ... this next test date is right around Halloween! October 28, 2017 Sophomores This test date is still too early for sophomores.Most likely, you still won’t know where you’re applying to college and won't understand all of the concepts being tested.But if you’re really interested in getting an ACT test-taking experience, there are better options than taking the test this soon. One (free) option is to take a full-lengthACT practice test. Official tests are guaranteed to give you the most realistic practice possible. Another, and perhaps more level-appropriate, option is to take the PreACT. This test, which began in 2016and costs $12, is a practice ACT, similar to how the PSAT is a practice test for the SAT. Unlike the PSAT, though, the PreACT can be administered anytime from September to June; there is also no scholarship competition associated with it. Finally, you may want to consider taking the PSAT. As I mentioned earlier, this test is nearly identical to the SAT, so it’s not totally relevant to the ACT. But since the redesigned SAT and ACT are very similar now, taking the PSAT can offer you a broader sneak peek at how college admission tests work. Juniors If you missed the September date for your first ACT, this is another solid date for you to take it on.Like the September date, this date gives you plenty of time to prepare for a retake in spring or summer. If you’re taking the PSAT, however, opt for a different ACT test date. Studying for both tests at once will likely overwhelm and confuse you (especially since the PSAT is slightly different from the ACT), so go with one of the two instead of both. Seniors This is another solid choice for seniors. Most college application deadlines are around January 1, so an October test date offers plenty of time for your scores to get to schools.If you’re applying early action or early decision, this is the last date you can take the ACT and still get your scores to your schools in time. Because you’ll likely be busy preparing your college applications in October, I suggest aiming for the earlier September test date if possible. This way you won't have too many things to keep track of and can focus entirely on getting your applications together in October and November. December 9, 2017 Sophomores This test date, too, is a bit early for sophomores. That said, if you really want to know what the ACT is like, you’re welcome to flex your test-taking muscles and try it out. Just don’t put too much pressure on yourself to do extremely well on it. (Remember, you won't have learned everything that's on the ACT anyway!) What I recommend instead, though, is to continue working with practice questions and reviewing the various concepts tested on the ACT. Juniors This test date, though doable for juniors, can be a little trickier since it might overlap with finals. I would only opt for this test date if you missed the two dates in the fall and want to get your first ACT over with before springtime. Seniors For many schools, this is the last date you can take the ACT and still have your scores get to your schools in time.While it's too late for early action or early decision applicants, this test date should work fine for the majority of regular decision applicants. The biggest problem with this date is that it might overlap with finals, so make sure you’re balancing your prep time wisely. You don't want to overwork yourself by studying for too many tests at once! In addition, if you took the ACT in September but were unhappy with your scores, this date offers one last chance to try to raise them before your college application deadlines. If only we could actually jump to new years! 2018 ACT Test Dates Late winter, spring, and summer test dates are usually too late for seniors but should work well for juniors and high-achieving sophomores. February 10, 2018 This test date is not available in New York. Sophomores Again, this date is early for sophomores. If you’re really feeling ready to test the waters, though, go ahead and try the ACT.Just don’t put a lot of pressure on yourself to get a high score, especially on Math. If you're currently in Geometry, it's better to wait to take the ACT since you won't know the vast majority of concepts it tests. If you're in Algebra II, however, you'll know most concepts and could give it a shot if you really want to. (And if you're in Pre-Calculus or Trigonometry, you should definitely be fine!) Juniors If you took the ACT back in the fall and are getting ready to retake it, you could sign up for this date- but it’s probably better to hold off until spring. A spring test date ultimately gives you more time to study and hone your test-taking skills. Moreover, with an early February test date, you’ll most likely need to prep over winter break, which can be difficult to do if you're trying to juggle holidays and family time. Seniors This is the very last ACT date seniors can choose for regular decision deadlines. Unfortunately, not many schools accept February ACT scores (December is typically the last date you can take the test). If your school does accept February scores, however, this will be your final chance to get the scores you want and send them in. As with anything related to college applications, check your schools’ policies to see whether they accept February ACT scores before you signup for this date as a senior. April 14, 2018 Sophomores This date is the earliest I recommend sophomores take the ACT. At this point, you should be familiar with most concepts tested on the ACT, though there may still be some (particularly in math) you've yet to learn. By taking the ACT this early, you’ll get a sense of where you’re scoring and can then use the rest of spring, as well as the entire summer, to prepare for a retake in September or October your junior year. This puts you way ahead of the game! Juniors The April test date is a great time for juniors to take the ACT since it shouldn’t conflict with finals or most mid-terms. If you already took the ACT in the fall of your junior year, this is an ideal time to retake it and try to improve your score. On the other hand, if you haven’t taken the ACT at all yet, definitely take it by this date. This way you'll have the entire summer to prepare for a second attempt in the fall of your senior year. Seniors This date is too late for seniors.At this point, any scores you get on this ACT won't make it to your schools in time, so make sure you take the ACT in December (possibly February) or earlier. Would you rather go to the beach this summer or take the ACT? Before you say, "Go to the beach, duh!" just remember that you can't get a sunburn in a test center. Think about it. June 9, 2018 Sophomores This date is another date that could work well for sophomores looking to get a head start on the ACT.A June test date means you’ll get your scores by late June or early July and can then use the rest of your summer to prepare for a retake at the beginning of your junior year.At this rate, you might get all of your testing done before even starting your college applications- and that will definitely save you a headache later on! Unfortunately, the June date is likely to conflict with finals. So if you're already getting overwhelmed by those, it’s better to wait. Juniors Another solid option for juniors, the June test date allows you to get the ACT over with before summer vacation andwhen you're still in "learning mode" for school. As I mentioned before, though,this date might conflict with finals, so make sure you know your schedule ahead of time before registering for this date.Generally speaking, the April test date is a better option for juniors,as it is less likely to coincide with school tests and end-of-school-year events. July 14, 2018 This test date is not available in New York. Sophomores The July date is a solid time for sophomores (who are entering their junior year) to take the ACT and see where their strengths and weaknesses lie. The biggest benefit of this date is that you’ll have completed your sophomore year and therefore learned the bulk of what you’ll need to know for the ACT. Also, because this date is in the middle of summer, you won’t have to deal with homework or tests as you prep. Unfortunately, this also means you won’t get to have as carefree a summer as other people since you’ll be studying for the ACT- but, honestly, this might be worth it in the long run if you can avoid having to take the test your senior year! Scores from this test date come out around August, about a month before the September ACT. Since this doesn’t give you a lot of time to analyze your scores and prepare for a retake, it’s better to retake the ACT, at earliest, in October your junior year. Juniors This summer date offers a convenient opportunity to take the test when you have no school commitments or college applications to worry about. It's particularly convenient for juniors who want to avoid taking the ACT their senior year. Unfortunately, this means you’ll need to spend about half your summer studying for the exam. Still, it can be worth it if you feel you’ll get overwhelmed senior year due to college applications and awkward homecoming dances. It's time to push the big, fat "When" button- or, er, bubble? When Should You Take the ACT? Key Takeaways There are seven ACT test dates in the 2017-18 testing year. These are: September 9, 2017 October 28, 2017 December 9, 2017 February 10, 2018* April 14, 2018 June 9, 2018 July 14, 2018* *Not available in New York. ACT test dates are spread throughout year, from fall to summer, and offer multiple opportunities to take the ACT and get the score you want- especially if you’re a sophomore or junior. For sophomores, the best test dates are in April, June, and July. These dates ensure you’ve learned most of the exam's content and will have plenty of time to study and retake the test at the start of your junior year. Juniors have the most freedom and can take the ACT on any test date. Usually, we advise juniors to take their first ACT in the fall (September or October) and their second ACT in the spring (April or June). This gives you plenty of time between tests to focus on your weaknesses, study hard, and hopefully raise your score. Finally, seniors should stick to taking the ACT in September or October- possibly December. If you want to take the ACT one last time before your college applications are due, the two fall dates guarantee your scores will get to your schools in time, no matter whether you’re applying regular decision or early action/early decision.Though December is too late for early action, most regular decision applicants shouldn't have any trouble with the December test date. Ultimately, no matter when you decide to take the ACT, make sure you've got a solid study plan so that you'll know how much you need to prep and can carve out enough time for your studies! What’s Next? Want more help choosing an ACT test date?Check out our full guide to choosing to get tips on how to find the perfect test date for you. When should you register for the ACT?In our guide to ACT registration dates and deadlines, we give you all of the info you need, from deadlines to fees, to make the testing plans you want. Should you take the ACT more than once?There are many benefits of taking the ACT multiple times, the main one being that you can improve your score on a retake! Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.