Development of a Deep Sea ROV

Development of a Deep Sea ROV Jeremy Moros Abstract Australia’s geographical location places it within reach of 65% of the world’s salt water oceans. However, to this day, only 0.9% of the oceans depths have been explored. This journal explores whether or not current technologies allow for the possibility of a series of imagery and sensory underwater drones gathering data from unexplored biological habitats and ecosystems, where the costs and safety of human expeditions have been prohibitive. To discover these depths the proposal for an Unmanned Scientific Data Gathering and Collection System (USDGCS) has been explored to determine whether existing open source platforms such asArduino can be utilised to create a system where once deployed can collect and redistribute first hand data live across the internet. The drone must be designed to perform a large array of tasks, whether it be the photographing and mapping at extreme depths, or the monitoring species populations close to the surface. Ultimately, a model that is fri endly to the environment in which the ROV operates is essential so the self-powering drones have been explored. Keywords Underwater Drone, Ocean, Remotely Operated Vehicles, UAV Introduction ROV’s are commonly referred to as an acronym for â€Å"Remotely operated vehicles†. ROV’s can be classified as one of two types of drones, Underwater ROVs and aerial UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles). Similar principles allow for the similar technologies in such drones however the medium in which they operate differ. In each classification, drones such as AUVs (Autonomous underwater vehicles) do not require constant control from a human, but instead rely on prewritten algorithms. These algorithms make use of self-navigating equipment such as using sensors and radars to determine their location and perform functions with an accuracy dependent on the equipment on board. The extreme water pressure experienced at depths below a few hundred meters are enough to kill a human. ROV’s were developed to overcome the limitations of deep-sea divers where they have proven to be of much use in the gas and oil industries. The first form of a drone was the 1960’s HOV or Human Operated Vehicle. However basic, it demonstrated the very first development of drone technologies. It was the US Navy that funded and developed more of early ROV technologies through the 1960’s program Cable-Controlled Underwater Recovery Vehicle (CURV). This vehicle was created to be cable of performing sophisticated deep-sea rescue operations, such a  recovering black boxes from previously destroyed military aircraft and retrieving highly dangerous devices such as a nuclear weapons. The â€Å"CURV† removed any danger to the humans that operated them and was considered as a milestone in technology. However, many of the technologies incorporated into were develo ped for scientific research purposes. ROV’s today underwent development when drones were developed for scientific research purposes. These technologies include the addition of live streaming video cameras and lights sources, where it became easier for a ROV to be precisely controlled by an operator. Now in the 21st century, many components are commonly integrated to expand a vehicle’s capabilities. These may include mapping sonars, magnetometers and high resolution digital cameras, as well as more sophisticated tools such as instruments that can accurately determine water temperature, clarity and light penetration. Specialised drones may feature cutting arms or manipulators that can gather rock or flora samples for low depth environments ( Purpose of investigation The purpose of this investigation is to determine whether current technologies allow for the successful development of a deep sea ROV where data can be collected and redistributed live through the World Wide Web without costs being prohibitive. 2 Context: Parts of a ROV The ROV is commonly consists of 4 systems, each of which serve a specific function. 2.1.1 The Frame: The frame of a ROV serves as the primary skeleton of the vehicle. Often constructed beams, struts or plates as the frame bears the load of the water pressure. The frame often defines the overall shape of the ROV as mechanical and electrical components often need to be secured inside the frame for successful operation. This includes weights, pressure canisters, thrusters, floats, camera, lighting and other instruments like manipulator arm, sonar, scientific sensors, etc. ROV frames can be made from a range of materials including plastic composites and aluminum tubing and the choice is based on the developmental requirements of a ROV. Due to the highly saturated salt solution in the ocean, corrosion resistant materials with high strength and low density have been favorably considered. Since weight has to offset with buoyancy, this is critical. A well designed frame aims for easy repair if components are to fail, as well as a shape that will aid easy control. 2.1.2 Buoyancy System: A ROV owes its ability to stay afloat due to its buoyancy system. The principle to the floatation of an ROV is the attainment of neutral buoyancy of the ROV system as a whole. If neutral buoyancy is achieved, a ROV is capable of floating in water and can rise and descend when needed. There are many ways in which buoyancy can be achieved, the most simple being the attaching of floats to a ROV. In more sophisticated ROVs, a dedicated buoyancy system is incorporated into the design. A Ballast system is of two types, an active and static ballast system. An active Ballast system is more sophisticated as it can adapt to changes in weight of a system. A static ballast system is far less sophistical, where floats and other simply floating devise such as air filled cans provide a fixed buoyancy range beyond which the ROV will sink to the ocean floor. However, if the static ballast system has a fixed buoyancy too great, the ROV will never dive, no matter the thrust from a propulsion system. 2.1.3 Propulsion System: Thrust is required for the control of a ROV, which is provided by a propulsion system. The thrust produced should be more than the drag force acting on the system, thus a more aerodynamic design is advised. A range of propulsion systems have been developed, however the most common would be a combination of bilge pumps and underwater rotors to propel the craft. The motor inside a ROV should be adequate to propel the ROV forward, as well as stop it in a short time. High torque motors of 800-2000 RPM rotors are considered to be sufficient for underwater drones. The number of thrusters required is dependent on the functions a ROV will perform. It is known that the greater the number of thrusters, the more freedom in the movement of the ROV. The propeller attached can be a 3 blade or 5 blade depending on the speed and water density through which the ROV will traverse. Brushless DC motors are preferred over other types of motors due to the fact that they offer a hi gher efficiency, hence offering better control of a ROV’s speed. DC motors are often far cheaper than a similarly outputting AC motor. 2.1.4 The Electronic System The electronic system of the ROV encompasses the payload of the ROV. The ROV system should have a water tight enclosure for the electronic and electrical components. A variety of electrical components are used for a number of purpose such as driving power, lighting and video feed, etc. The wiring should be secure and watertight to ensure that the chances of water damage to electronics is kept to a minimal chance. The wiring is often kept far clear of the rotors to reduce any chance of entanglement. The video feed can either be stored on an on-board system or transferred to the control room via a tether or a however recent technological advancements are allowing for a wireless connection to the surface. The ROV often receives electrical commands through the same radio device as the video feed, whether it be wired or wireless. Micro Controllers are considered an ideal option for analogue control as development is not required for a new embedded PC board, hen ce lowering costs. The Arduino platform utilizes these micro controller boards and is an example of a cheap, but effective solution. These controllers allow for sensory data to be collected from various instruments. Some ROVs are designed to incorporate instruments where they are capable of performing a standard set of operations. The power source of a ROV is dependent on the depth it is required to travel. Low depth ROV’s are able to leave a power source on the surface and are powered by an electrical cable. However, a ROV designed to dive deep proves a long electrical cable impractical and therefore warrant onboard batteries with 5-12 Volts. A photovoltaic cell can be installed on the ROV and be used to recharge the battery when resurfacing.

Awareness of Pharmacist Health Care Systems

Awareness of Pharmacist Health Care Systems Abstract:- The aim of the study was to investigate the awareness of local population of Islamabad region regarding the pharmacists and their supplementary/independent prescribing in a primary health care system, and further to identify the importance and need of pharmacist’s independent prescribing. Also to prove that the introduction of pharmacist’s prescribing has the potential to minimize fragmentation within the primary health care system, optimize management of medication, and improve patient care and access to medication. We performed an observational study on patients who visited the pharmacies for medication, and took their views and suggestions through a calibrated questionnaire to evaluate the importance and need of pharmacist independent prescribing. After the consent from the patient, complete medical history was noted and Physical Examination were performed to diagnose the disease and need of the patient. Appropriate prescribing and Interventions were done. After one week telephone calls were made to record the response of patients. Majority of population was in the favor of pharmacist independent prescribing. Introduction: From the last few decades the health care got a tremendous change which make it more accessible to the common person. Pharmacist who is an important part of healthcare team, now his roles have extended from the traditional job of dispensing medicines and elementary medication counseling to working with other health-care professionals at patient bed site and in community (Nkansah, Mostovetsky et al. 2010). Pharmacists are among the most easily available health-care providers. They have roles in medication review, health promotion, and disease management, with in-depth knowledge of pharmacology, clinical Pharmacotheraputics, and patient care skills that are currently underused. Prescribing is not an easy task; it involves significant expertise to apply drug therapy skills, but that is a type of skill that pharmacists can improve. Independent prescribers are responsible for the evaluation of the patients with diagnosed or un-diagnosed disorders, and for decisions about the clinical mana gement required and drawing up a treatment plan. The independent prescriber also has the authority to prescribe the medicines required as part of the plan. United Kingdom was the leading country which introduced new role i.e., Pharmacist independent Prescriber (Avery and Pringle 2005).In United States 38 states were allowed for Collaborative drug therapy management in 2003, however Florida was pioneered in Independent Pharmacist Prescribing (Tonna, Stewart et al. 2008). Method and Materials: Design of this study was based on observational method. A survey was done in order to make findings about independent prescribing of pharmacist in the region of Islamabad. Customers of different pharmacies are being asked questions about prescribing manners in the form of questionnaire. By using this method, full medication history from the patient was available to assess the patient compliance, their understanding of the disease, treatment and related issues. Three Pharmacies of Islamabad Region were selected to accomplish the purposes of this study. Twenty nine patients were randomly selected from these pharmacies who visited the pharmacies with some general diseases and asked the pharmacist for medication. The selected population of twenty nine patients was informed and made clear about the objectives and purposes of the research study and a permission was taken from each of the patient involved in this study through the consent form. The Pharmacists at the pharmacies were provided with a case history sheet to take history of the patients so that effective medication with minimum interactions could be provided. The history sheet included patient’s name, age, sex, chief complaint, history of present illness, the diagnosis made etc. Each of the twenty nine patients visiting the pharmacies was asked about their medication histories and the history sheets were filled to keep the record. After the review of patient history, diagnosis was made and prescription was given to the patient. The therapy outcomes and patient satisfaction was evaluated by telephonic interviews from each of the patient. For this purpose a questionnaire was designed, which contained validated questions to evaluate patient satisfaction with the therapy outcomes and patients were asked for their views and suggestions about independent prescribing by the pharmacist. This questionnaire contained open ended, close ended and choice questions that helped to assess the need of pharmacist in primary health care system as independent prescriber. Results:- The first question which was asked to the patients was whether they know about the pharmacist. This question helped to evaluate how much population of Islamabad region is familiar with pharmacist. 93.1% of population in this study was knew about pharmacist. Discussion:- This study has considered the views of patients about pharmacist independent prescribing. The patients involved in this study were all supportive of pharmacist independent prescribing. Patients were satisfied majorly due to the cost effective medications prescribed by the pharmacist and reduced/minimal hospital visits that contributed to save the fee of physician. As when there is a pharmacist available in a community, the burden on the shoulders of a physician is much reduced, patients do not need to take appointments from the physician, hence, it’s time saving for the patients to visit the pharmacist for the medication. Some patients suggested for a separate independent setup for the pharmacist. These were the patients who were fully satisfied with the independent prescribing of a pharmacist. Some of the patients suggested that pharmacist has more knowledge about medicines, their interactions, contraindications, ADRs so they can prescribe independently. In this study majority of the patients were satisfied with the therapeutic outcome of the Pharmacist Prescribing. Similar studies was conducted in UK and it was found that the participants highly appreciated the extending scope of practice for pharmacist (Latter, Blenkinsopp et al. 2010). Another study, Pharmacists were evaluated for their independent prescribing and it was found that patients were satisfied with the pharmacist knowledge and their prescription (Stewart, MacLure et al. 2011). Recently a survey was conducted regarding patients experience and perception of care provided by the pharmacist independent prescriber, most of the patients were satisfied with the pharmacist prescribing. In comparison with Physician prescribing, most of the patients stated no difference in their practice of care provided (Tinelli, Blenkinsopp et al. 2013). Conclusion:- All patients in this study were supportive of pharmacist independent prescribing in primary health care system. There should be an independent setup for the pharmacist to practice diagnosis and prescribe rationalized treatment. Pharmacists are good in general diseases but need practice in broader area of major diseases.

Let Us Grieve for the Women of Salem Essay -- Arthur Millers The Cruci

Featured in Arthur Miller’s The Crucible is a powerful dynamic between the levels of a maintained social hierarchy. There are shifts in the social hierarchy in the town of Salem even though the social hierarchy has been maintained and has existed for a long length of time. The attempts on this maintained structure are met with powerful retaliations that draw in all the members of the town of Salem, resulting in the deaths of many woman and men in the town. The Crucible reflects on the historical context of this struggle and shows what would happen if the status quo were changed. The play presents what people would do in order to hold on to the power that they are slowly losing through false pretense. The Salem witch trails were a society’s way of attempting to maintain a structure they are used to, using hysteria to help them grasp onto a dying conscience they once had and to explain what could not be explained. Today, the issues that are presented in this play, the so cial hierarchy and what is done to maintain it, still exist. The University of Toronto – Scarborough Campus’s theatre company performed The Crucible. The production followed Arthur Miller’s play showing the audience the fear and hysteria that ran through Salem during the witch trails. The importance of religion was evident just as the play opens up to hearing a prayer being spoken. Themes of paranoia, religion, and McCarthyism were present throughout the presentation. The overall acting and set provided the audience with a more intimate viewing of what happened throughout the Salem witch trails. The Crucible follows the events that occurred before and during the Salem Witch Trials. John Proctor, the protagonist of the play has to fight the hysteria that has t... ...Social welfare policy from colonial times to the present. South End Press, 1996. Web. 3. Apr. 2014. Jenrette, Jerra, et al. "Teaching the Salem witch trials through place and time." Historical Journal of Massachusetts 40.1-2 (2012): 212+. Academic OneFile. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. Kocić, Ana. "Salem Witch Craft Trials: The Perception of Women in History, Literature and Culture." Facta Universitatis 3.1 (2010): 17. Print. Miller, Arthur. The Crucible. N.p., 1953. Print. Miller, Arthur. "Why I Wrote The Crucible: An Artist's Answer to Politics." The New Yorker27 Oct. 1996: n. pag. Print. The Crucible. By Miller. Dir. Paula Sperdakos. Leigha Lee Browne Theatre, UTSC. Friday, March 21, 2014. Performance. Schissel, Wendy. "Re(dis)covering the Witches in Arthur Miller’s The Crucible: A Feminist Reading." Bloom's Modern Critical Interpretations (2008): 55-67. Print.

Physics of Volcanoes :: physics volcano volcanic eruption

Volcanoes are one of natures most interesting and dangerous phenomenons. The way volcanoes operate can be understood, on a basic level, by just some simple physics and chemistry, this paper will investigate and explain some of the basic physics that govern the behavior of volcanoes. Magma is composed of three main components * viscous silicate melt * crystals * volatiles (gases) The way that these three components interact is one of the main focuses of petrologists and volcanologists. Also, the way that these components interact is govered by some of the basic laws of physics. Viscosity In layman's terms viscosity is a fluids resistance to flow and is important in many volcanic processes. Viscosity is defined as the internal resistance to flow by a substance when a shear stress is applied. Many factors affect a magma's viscosity. Temperature is one of them, as a with all fluids as a the temperature increases the viscosity also increases. This example can be seen when examining a rhyolitic melt, when the temperature decreases from 1300Â °C to 600Â °C the viscosity increases by more than eight orders of magnitude. The silica content and the water content also affect a magmas viscosity. The more silica is in a magma the more viscous the magma will be due to the strong silica-oxygen bonds. When water is added to a magma it has the ability to break the silica-oxygen bonds and therfore, the viscosity decreases. Rheology Rheology is the study of how materials flow and it is very important when examining volcanogenic processes. Two main types of flows can be defined: laminar and turbulent. Laminar flow occurs when the motion of the particles of fluid is very orderly with all particles moving in straight lines parallel to the walls. Turbulent flow occurs when the streamlines or flow patterns of a fluid are disorganized and there is an exchange of fluid between these areas. The Reynolds number (Re) can be calculated to determine whether a fluid is turbulent or laminar. When the Reynolds number is less than 10 .... it is considered laminar, when it is greater than 100 it is considered turbulent. The areas in between are defined as transitional and can go either way. Rheology and viscosity are imporatnat to volcanologists because it will determine if Magma Chambers will convect and overturn. When the Rayleigh's and Reynolds numbers are high enough it is possible for these chambers to over turn which can lead to volcanic eruptions.

In What Major Respects Had Europe Changed By 1971 From The Situation I

From the 1815 until the 1871, Europe underwent a great change. As the revolution of the 1830s showed, the Vienna Settlement did not last, even though the great European powers were able for a while to take the situation under control with brutal repression. However, it was impossible to stop the liberal revolution, which led to important political events and deep social changes. In the political field there are three major events: the rise of Napoleon III, the unification of Germany and the Italian Risorgimento. In the field of social changes there are the extraordinary doubling of the population, the new technologies, which made possible the development of communication and transportation, and the important consequences of the industrial revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Louis Napoleon Bonaparte came to power the 2nd of December 1852. With him, the Second Empire started. Years before, he was expelled to America, but with the fall of the July Monarchy in February 1848, he returned to France to reassert his claim to being Napoleon Bonaparte’s legitimate heir, and to take advantage of the new opportunities that suddenly presented themselves. To obtain what he wanted, Bonaparte used the army and police to arrest his principal political opponents and to occupy the Assembly. After this he announced his assumption of power and proclaimed a new constitution, to be subjected to an immediate plebiscite, where Napoleon obtained a huge majority, and became president of France. But one year later, in another plebiscite, Napoleon received popular ratification of his assumption of the title of Emperor, as Napoleon III. Many observers saw this â€Å"meteoric rise†, as the beginning of a new era of absolutism. However, the public opi nion never considered Napoleon as a tyrant, as electoral statistics show. They trusted him, who did not disappointed their expectations. Napoleon’s agenda concerned the reorganization of the State, a new economical policy and a great program of public works. During Napoleon’s government, France underwent a deep change. After a long period of disorder, society found its stability, both on the political and economical side. In fact, Napoleon helped to foster an economic boom, which provided ample employment for the urban poor as well as for the young people, ambitious and well prepared. He mobilized all the resources of the State to give a ne... ...ansportation, thanks to the invention of the locomotive, became easier. The railroads became the backbone of Europe’s inland transportation system. The construction of railway provided a new and powerful stimulus to the industries. In fact, the demand for iron and coal increased and so the work of many industries. Overseas as overland, people and goods moved faster and farther.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In communication as in transport, a lot of inventions brought many European close to each others. The postal service was more efficient and faster thanks to the railroad. Than, in 1844, the electric telegraph was invented, and due in part to its importance for the railroads, a network of telegraph lines spread all over Europe. In 1851 the first submarine cable was installed between Dover and Calais, in 1866 between Europe and USA, in 1870 and 1872 many cables were installed from Europe to India, and from Europe to Honk Kong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Also press improved a lot, and the production of paper became cheaper. This meant that newspapers could be produced cheaply and in great number. This allowed all the inhabitants to be aware on what was happening around them.

Animal testing should not be banned Essay

For many years, animals have been used in research both in the scientific and medical fields. In order to introduce new drugs into the market, they have to be tested first on animals in order to ascertain whether they are effective or not. Animal experimentation in this context defines the use of non-humans, mostly animals, to test new drugs and consumer goods such as cosmetics, pesticides, herbicides, food additives, among others (Taylor 120). Pharmaceutical companies and research institutions have been active in animal experiments because these institutions are charged with coming up with new drugs. What has however been controversial with animal experiments is whether this procedure should be banned or not based on its ethical implications. Animal rights activists have been at the forefront in advocating for a ban on animal experiments based on the ethical issues associated with it. For those supporting the use of animals in experiments, the arguments that have been made include p ossibilities of medical and scientific breakthroughs, safety for humans, and accuracy of results. When the benefits of animal experimentation are weighed against the drawbacks, it is evident that the procedure is beneficial. Accordingly, animal experimentation should not be banned. First, animal experiments should not be banned based on the fact that it has been beneficial to humans and animals. With the recent technological advancement, substantive accomplishment has been made in the field of human medicine and science. In this regard, the use of animal testing cannot be underestimated. Taylor (132) maintains that animal experimentation has helped in unearthing new drugs that have helped to ease the suffering of humans from disease that was once witnessed in the past. Blakemore support Taylors point by indicating that vaccines for polio and cervical cancer, insulin, antibiotics, heart-bypass surgery, among others were all advances that were achieved through animal testing. For a patient to receive therapy or treatment, it has to be known that this originated from an arduous medi cal research involving animals. For instance, Blakemore uses an example of how people can easily forget the importance of animals in medical research. This is based on the fact that powerful drugs such as Avastin used to treat bowel, breast, and lung cancer were developed after research was conducted on mice. John Stein, the professor of Oxford Functional Neurosurgery Group also supports animal experiments because it helps to improve medicines and treatments  (Campbell). Some countries like the UK have even realized the benefits of animal testing in advancing the medical field (University of Bradford). However, UK has banned the use of animal testing for consumer goods such as for cosmetics production (University of Bradford). Critics have however been instrumental in indicating a number of ethical implications linked with animal testing. As the critics point out, animal testing is a procedure that does not take into consideration the rights of animals. As a matter of fact, animals are just like humans who require to be treated the way humans are treated. While supporting animal research, Taylor (120) however cites some commentators who argue that the experiment that involved testing cosmetics and other hazardous products on rabbits in order to know how long the rabbits would die was unethical. This experiment fundamentally was meant to test the level of toxicity of certain substances. As Taylor (128) echoes the sentiments of critics, this is an inhumane way of treating animals because â€Å"†¦ the suffering of any being ought to count equally with the like suffering of any other being.† These among other critical arguments have formed the basis of the opposing side of animal testing. It may be justified to talk in terms of animal ethics when there is justification that animals have actually been mistreated. Considering that few cases have been reported regarding inhumane treatment of animals, it should not however justi fy the lifting of a ban on animal testing. As a matter of fact, animals have helped a great deal in the scientific and medical field which has equally improved the quality of human life. From a practical perspective, the use of animal experiments guarantees the safety of humans. In order to ascertain whether drugs and other consumer goods are safe for humans, the use of animals becomes justified. Taylor (132) even supports this idea by indicating that very few animals are sacrificed during such experiments which help to not only save millions of people, but also animals. Opponents of this claim have however cited cases of animal suffering and deaths because of ineffective experimental procedures. Taylor (120) highlights a critical perspective regarding this issue by indicating that â€Å"Of course, Jennie was not human; she was a squirrel monkey. To do such a research on a human being would be immoral. The question then is, what justifies using a monkey?† Other commentators have also indicated the idea of injecting animals with toxins in the name of scientific advancement. Although these arguments may seem  plausible, it is however important to note that humans are practically more important than animals. It would thus be justified to assert that animal testing should not be banned. It has also been found that technological advancement has enabled results from animal testing to be more accurate with minimal harm inflicted on animals. Blakemore highlights the biological relationship that humans have with animals. According to the author, chimpanzees and some rodents like mice and rats share similar genes with humans. The way these animals respond to disease treatments is just the same as humans. Because there is no other alternative to test the effectiveness of drugs and consumer goods, the use of animals in experiments becomes justified. Blakemore reiterates that there are many incurable diseases such as Alzheimer’s, schizophrenia, and multiple sclerosis which require quick research in order to find new treatment. Because researchers and scientists have the ability to achieve this objective, they need to use every tool available at their disposal in order to ensure that cures for such diseases are found. Critics of this argument have however maintained their stand regarding the futility of such efforts. As critics claim, some drugs have not been as effective as claimed. Indeed, some of the consumer products and drugs have had to be recalled because of ineffective experimental procedures which resulted in drugs not serving their intended purposes. It can be justified to agree to this assertion considering that animal experiments are products of human making which are subject to errors and flaws. However, with the recent advancement in technology, such cases have become rare. Taylor (134-136) posits that there are new methods such as computer simulation which allows existing information and data to be used by researchers and scientists to further improve on what had earlier been done. Banning animal testing would in this case amount to deteriorating health standards of people within societies. Definitely, animal testing has been a controversial issue considering that there are ethical implications associated with it. While this may be true, the benefits of this procedure however outweigh the drawbacks. For those who want a ban on animal testing to be lifted, the procedure is not ethical but only serves to infringe on the rights of animals. The arguments made by critics however are shortsighted because history clearly indicates that the drugs that people are using nowadays came as a result of animal testing. Fundamentally, animal  testing should not be banned because there are possibilities of future cures being unearthed, the procedure is safe for humans, and the results have been more precise. – approximately 5 billion animals are consumed as food annually – compared to that, only 17-22 million animals are used for in research annually – anesthesia is used today to numb the body during operations because it was successfully tested on animals => 6 % of animals do however experience pain, but this has to do with the research itself – the alleviation of pain would compromise the results => 61 % of animals used suffer no pain => 31 % of animals have pain relieved with anesthesia – AIDs research relies heavily on animal testing; other testing techniques aren’t optimized yet stem cells (SC) are a relative new way to perform testing. This will decrease the use of animals in the testing process. Furthermore, SC can show a specific organ’s reaction to a substance. The housing of the animals, feeding, carrying, treatments, controlling the environment, is very expensive oFinding drugs and treatments to improve health and medicine. There are already some lifesaving medical breakthroughs that are the result of animal testing, like open heart surgery, organ transplants, effective insulin, vaccines for deadly diseases, †¦ It is the most accurate way to learn the effects of substances in a living body Ensuring the safety of drugs and other substances Human harm is reduced and human lives are saved but also animal lives are saved because of animal testing. Many of the medications and procedures that we currently use today wouldn’t exist and the development of future treatments would be extremely limited. Many argue that the lives of animals may be worthy of some respect, but the value we give on their lives does not count as much as the value we give to  human life. Using cell cultures can only reveal side effects on a molecular level and cannot unfortunately, reveal side effects like organ failure, rashes, tumors, or cardiac arrest like animal testing can. Using computer models cannot always predict unknown variables that can be discovered with animal testing. Animals may not have the exact same philology as humans but animal testing is accurate enough to test whether a substance is even safe enough for human trials. Experiments must only take place if there is no alternative method that does not entail the use of animals. Animals involved must be those with the lowest degree of neuro-physiological sensitivity†. http://levmm1.wordpress.com/ https://proxy.zalmos.com/browse.php/q3ytFd7a/EB8_2FxG/0Ac0HzT3/2sRwgT7f/_2FYnbG9/OapnYXZM/HHfGlrE_/3D/b0/

The business environment. PEST Analysis Essay

Logica is an innovative IT services organization which brings technologies, people and business together. It has clients globally in various industries; automotive, gas, oil and manufacturing. Its aim is to add value for clients via, for instance, reducing waste or improving productivity and efficiency. Political factors                  This refers to the various ways and to what degree does the government intervene in the business economy. Logica has to adhere to all government tax policy; when the government increases the tax levied on a particular product in the business, price adjustment should be done so as to ensure that the business does not run at a loss especially pertaining that certain product. The company will hire personnel and the working terms and conditions must conform to the labor laws. The environmental law should be followed by the company and all the activities must be friendly to the environment. Trade restrictions and quotas are very eminent in most nations. The government will restrict trading of some commodities which are illegal n the country. The company must ensure that it trades with those products which are legal and have minimal negative effects. Political stability influences determines the operations of most businesses. A positive business growth is facil itated by a politically stable environment; while political instability discourages business growth. When the UK government increased university fees, (this affected the education sector) the academic providers had to address the challenges of generating income; Logica noted that this educational landscape alterations could impact on the number of potential employees with the skills and competencies required. The increasing academic cost may restrict the social mobility of talented people hence may consider alternative routes to gaining experience and qualifications. Logica has reviewed its workforce planning to have effectively skilled workers now henceforth. To cater for the changes, it has introduced apprenticeships and enhanced its graduate scheme thus provides the company with a new pool of talents especially IT and Computer Science specialists. About government initiatives on climate change and reducing emissions, Logica responded by being involved in the government’s new Cycle Hire Scheme in London. Logica’s role is central and focuses on the design and build of the simple-to-use payment system which is supported by a back office function (Palmer, & Hartley, 2006, p.18). Environmental factors                  The environment of logical has many elements which are paramount for thrive of the business. The customers of this business are key, and should have their needs met. The company should offer high quality products at reasonable fee. The creditors and suppliers of the business should be paid on time for their supplies. Technology is very critical for all the services offered by the company. The company must acquire the latest technology so as to meet all the needs of the customers. The government is another environment which the company will operate in. it should follow all the government regulations set up for the industry. Last but not least are the competitors. The company will face stiff competition from other firms. The company must come up with strategies that will make it have a competitive edge over the competitors. The company can be more competitive if it provides quality products, offer competitive prices, and respond positively to the needs of t he creditors and suppliers (Cherunilam, 2010, p.38). Conclusion                  Effective knowledge of the aspects that affect the business operations will enable the business to make appropriate decisions that can facilitate its survival in the new environment without undergoing losses. References Cherunilam, F. (2010). Business environment. Mumbai [India: Himalaya Pub. House. Palmer, A., & Hartley, B. (2006). The business environment (5th ed.). Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. Source document